Childbirth, Childhood and Adolescence in the Middle Ages

What do you really know about medieval children? Perhaps no other period of history has more misconceptions associated with it than the Middle Ages. The history of childhood is also full of misconceptions. Recent scholarship has illuminated the lives of medieval children as never before, dispelling many of these misconceptions and replacing them with verifiable facts about life for the medieval child. In this multi-part feature, we explore various facets of medieval childhood, from childbirth through the teen years. Well see that, though the world they lived in was very different, medieval children were in some ways very like the children of today. Introduction to Medieval Childhood In this article, we dissect the concept of childhood in the middle ages and how that influenced the importance of children in medieval society.   Medieval Childbirth and Baptism Discover what childbirth was like in the middle ages for women of all stations and classes and the importance of religious ceremonies like baptism in the Christian world. Surviving Infancy in the Middle Ages The death rate and average lifespan in the middle ages were drastically different from what we see today. Discover what like was like for an infant as well as the realities of child mortality rate and infanticide. The Playful Years of Childhood in the Middle Ages A common misconception about medieval children is that they were treated like adults and expected to behave like adults. Children were expected to do their share of household chores, but play was also a prominent part of medieval childhood.   The Learning Years of Medieval Childhood The teenage years were the time to concentrate more intensely on learning in preparation for adulthood. While not all adolescents had schooling options, in some ways education was the archetypal experience of adolescence. Work and Adolescence in the Middle Ages While medieval teens might have been preparing for adulthood, their lives may have been full of both work and play. Discover the typical life of a teen in the middle ages.

The Unique Role of the Mother Essay - 1550 Words

The Unique Role of the Mother The discussion about our mother always evokes strong emotions in us. And it should! After all, we lived in her womb for nine months even before we experienced the light of this world. When we try to explain to others what she means to us, or what a mother should be like or do, each of us has a different expression. Each mother is, after all, different. The unique role of the mother will be viewed through the inspection of three short stories: Boys and Girls by Alice Munro, The Boarding House by James Joyce, and I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen. The old, traditional view on the role of the mother is that of the female parent taking primary care of the children and the household. The mother is the†¦show more content†¦She looked out of place, with her bare, lumpy legs, not touched by the sun, her apron still on and damp across the stomach from the supper dishes. (529) It is overlooked that the father would also look out of place if he were inside the house during his workday, invading his wifes territory, unless it was, of course, to come in for his prepared meal at lunchtime. Through the daughters descriptions, the reader can see that the father does his imperative work outside the home, and the mothers job was not considered as being important: work done out of doors, and in my fathers service, was ritualistically important (530). It is evident within the happenings of the story that the mother is not necessarily appreciated for what she dutifully does for her family. My mother, I felt, was not to be trusted#8230;.You could not depend on her, and the real reasons for the things she said and did were not to be known (530). Yet, the narrators mother went out of her way for everyone else, neglecting herself. She would tie her hair up [in a kerchief] in the morning, saying she did not have time to do it properly, and it would stay tied up all day (5 29). She is too busy holding the never-ending task of mother hood and womanhood, carrying out her duties quietly and inconspicuously, knowing this is her job. Every mother wants the best for her child, and typically wants to ensure that her child has the life she could not,Show MoreRelatedSummary Of Girl By Jamaica Kincaid1204 Words   |  5 Pagesfind ways to satisfy society. Women have at times needed to follow particular guidelines in order to maintain standing in society. Jamaica Kincaid’s in her book â€Å"Girl† conveys a mother and daughter to represent particular social issues during post colonialism. In Girl the daughter serves as a representation of what the mother believes to be society’s ideal woman. Through the stories use of post colonialism and symbolism as well as the stories context, style, and tone, Jamaica Kincaid exemplifies theRead MoreAmerican Families At The University Of Mount Union1678 Words   |  7 Pagesand children who thrive fro m tremendous emotional support. After weeks of studying the topic of American families more in depth in and outside of the classroom, my perception has changed. I have learned the important concept that every family is a unique, diverse unit. The service-learning project provided me with the opportunity to apply many topics discussed in class, such as family structure, communication patterns, and the Symbolic Interaction Theory to a real American family. I served as a volunteerRead MoreSame Sex Parenting And Parents Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesto class material and Family Systems Theory as well as personal and professional application in their situation. There are a number of same sex parents in society today. Same sex families are no different from other families, but there are a few unique challenges that occasionally arise. Same sex parents still have a very effective style of parenting. I can see how a child’s success still comes from the quality of the parent-child relationships. Demographics: It is difficult to attain a preciseRead More Woman Warrior Essay695 Words   |  3 Pagessubservient to men, Kingston viewed them in a different light. She sees women as being equivalent to men, both strong and courageous. In a few stark story, depressing in their own unique way, attempts to disprove the traditional Chinese saying â€Å"it’s better to have geese than girls†. The first talk-story told to Kingston by her mother deals with the suicide of one of her aunts, who remains nameless throughout the tale. After becoming pregnant from a man other than her husband, Kingston’s aunt is forced toRead MoreBreaking Down Gender Roles : Analysis905 Words   |  4 Pages Kaveen Herath HON 296 003 Fiction and the Sciences Dr. C. Mainland Breaking Down Gender Roles Schnitzler’s Frà ¤ulein Else is a first-person stream-of-consciousness narrative about Else, a nineteen year old girl living in the 1900s. By writing as a stream of consciousness, Schnitzler provides the reader with a first-person account of everything that happened, and Else’s reasons for each of her actions. Else is told by her family to ask for money from a family friend, Mr. Dorsday, and the storyRead MoreAnalysis Of Schnitzler s Fraulein Else969 Words   |  4 Pagesevident that Else is rebelling against all the gender roles imposed on her and the Bourgeois family structure at the time, and trying to take control of her own life. Else’s view of the world, and Else s view of her mother’s action both imply that she is trying to break away from the norm, and trying to be unique. There are several points thought out the story when Else heavily criticizes her mother’s actions, and behaviors. Else sees her mother as someone who is clueless about her surrounding that’sRead MoreGender Roles And Stereotypes : The Kiss By The Dunphy s, And The Pritchet Tucker s Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Dunphy’s, and the Pritchet-Tucker’s. Each family is unique as it depicts a specific family structure (or type) seen within society at large, representing a blended discourse of gender, race and sexuality. Superficially, it appears the families do represent segments of current society, however a textual analysis of the episode, â€Å"The Kiss† revels that heteronormative ideals linked to the nuclear family structure and associative gender roles are juxtaposed upon the characters and families portrayedRead MoreAnand Smilansky : A Developmental Theorist Who Has On Children s Learning1524 Words   |  7 Pagesuse their imagination to crea te what they are imitating, this is needed to allow children’s imitation of real-life events that are realistic and possible. Smilansky’s work talked of 6 characteristics of sociodramatic play: Taking on a make-believe role, making believe with objects, making believe with regard to a situation, persistence, language used communicate the context of the play, and interacting socially while playing. Sara Smilansky had four assumptions: â€Å"high quality sociodramatic play isRead MoreAfrican American Women : An Examination Of Female Slavery1204 Words   |  5 Pagesduring slavery. Additionally, White strives to surface illustrations of unique struggles enslaved women encountered to evince the historic racism and sexism that structured womanhood in order to answer a confident and assertive â€Å"yes† to the persistent question: â€Å"Ar’n’t I a woman?† (White, 190) – White strives to prove her thesis, which states that an overdue examination of female slavery will in end long held myths and unique struggles women faced during slavery will surface. The scrutiny of recentRead MoreWomen s Role During The Pre Colonial Nigeria1310 Words   |  6 PagesWomen have played an essential role in the pre-colonial Nigeria. Chinua Achebe exemplifies this argument in his book, Things Fall Apart. Also, he emphasizes that British colonization in Nigeria has expelled women from political, economic and other cherished roles. Before the British colonization women took part in most of the aspects of life in Nigeria. Although women’s role in the pre-colonial Nigeria was not the same as the role of men, women were highly respected and valued. Without women, Nigeria

Ekg Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise Free Essays

EKG Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise Jonathan Murdock March 5, 2013 March 19, 2013 (KIN 375) Purpose: In the United States, people suffer from heart problems every day. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every year about 935,000 people in the United States suffer from a heart attack and about 600,000 die from heart problems. Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG) provide important information concerning the electrical activity of the heart as well as the quantity and quality of heart contractions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ekg Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise or any similar topic only for you Order Now An EKG, along with blood work to measure troponin levels, can definitively determine whether or not a person has suffered from a myocardial infarction. In order to obtain an EKG, electrodes are strategically placed on the limbs and torso of a subject to measure the electrical current that is generated in the heart and transferred to the skin. The electrical signal is first generated in the sinoatrial node (SA node). It then travels to both the left and right atria to cause them to contract. Then, the signal goes to the atrioventricular node (AV node) where it is briefly delayed to allow all of the blood from the atria to move into the ventricles. It then moves through the Bundle of His toward the apex of the heart and then through the Purkinje fibers. This causes contraction of the ventricles to pump blood throughout the body and lungs. The purpose of this lab was to compare EKG at rest with and exercising EKG. In doing so, the subject’s heart health could be determined based on the results of being put under the stress of exercise versus when resting. Methods: Subject: The subject participating in this lab was a college aged (18-25 years) male enrolled in KIN 375. The participant was healthy, exercised regularly, and did not report any history of heart problems. Equipment: The equipment used in this lab included alcohol prep wipes, 10 electrodes and wires, a computer to read the EKG with paper to print EKG strips, a chair, a treadmill, and a timer. Procedures: The first step was to remove the subject’s shirt. Next, all of the areas where electrodes were going to be placed were cleaned with an alcohol prep wipe. Once these areas were dry, electrodes were placed in their proper places; one electrode per limb and six on the torso. The electrodes for the left (LA) and right (RA) upper limbs were placed just under the clavicles near the shoulders. The electrodes for the left (LL) and right (RL) lower limbs were placed at the waist line just above each limb. For the torso, electrode 1(V1) was placed in the fourth intercostal space to the right of the subject’s sternum. Electrode 2 (V2) was also placed in the fourth intercostal space but to the left of the subject’s sternum. Next, electrode 4 (V4) was placed in the fifth intercostal space on the midclavicular line. Then, electrode 3 (V3) was placed halfway between V2 and V4. Next, the sixth electrode (V6) was placed in the fifth intercostal space on the midaxillary line. Lastly, the fifth electrode (V5) was placed halfway between V4 and V6 in the fifth intercostal space. The subject sat on the chair without moving for three minutes to generate a resting EKG. Then, the subject walked 2 mph on the treadmill with a 7. 0% incline for five minutes. This generated an exercising EKG. Lastly, the subject sat on the chair without moving for three minutes to generate a recovery EKG. Results: The subject successfully completed all three EKG recordings. The resting and recovery EKG readings were very easy to read; whereas, the exercising EKG had a lot of artifact that made it difficult to read. Artifact is something that is not â€Å"heart made† and usually comes from movement. The exercising EKG also had the most QRS complexes due to the fact that the subject’s heart rate was the highest while exercising. Discussion: As previously stated, an EKG measures the electrical currents of the heart. There are different waves shown on an EKG. Each wave is represented by a letter. The first small wave is known as the P wave. The P wave represents atrial depolarization and contraction. The next wave is slightly negative and it is known as the Q wave. The Q wave initiates depolarization of the ventricles. The next wave, which is the large positive spike in the wave, is known as the R wave. The R wave represents ventricular depolarization and contraction. The next wave is slightly negative and it is known as the S wave. The S wave represents the negative wave of ventricular depolarization. The last wave is slightly larger than the P wave and it is known as the T wave. It represents ventricular repolarization and relaxation. Since there are three waves that represent ventricular depolarization, they are combined into what is known as the QRS complex. The section of the EKG from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex represents the ventricular fill time and is known as the PR interval. Ventricular systole, or contraction, is shown by the start of the Q wave to the start of the T wave and is known as the QT interval. Lastly, from the end of the S wave to the start of the T wave, ventricular repolarization is normally isoelectric (on the baseline) and is represented by the ST segment. Any slight changes from normal sinus rhythm in any of these waves could indicate a heart problem. Electrodes were used to measure the electrical current in the heart. The paths from each electrode to another created a lead. Lead I was the path between RA and LA. Lead II was the path between RA and LL. Lead III was the path between LA and LL. The ground electrode was RL. An EKG wave read positive when the current moved toward a positive electrode and it read negative when the current moved toward the negative electrode. At rest, the EKG was much â€Å"cleaner† (less artifact) and the P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves were much easier to identify. During exercise, however, these waveforms were much more difficult to identify because of the large amount of artifact. Compared to at rest, the waveforms were much steeper and quicker which indicated the heart rate was speeding up, contraction and filling times decreased, and the contractions were much more forceful to pump the blood to the necessary tissue. There were a couple factors that could have hindered a completely accurate EKG reading; such as, cheap electrodes, movement of wires, and the placement of electrodes. All of these factors could have affected the EKG reading to cause extra artifact or inaccurate readings of the electrical current. Conclusion: Every year, hundreds of thousands of people die from heart problems. Many of these heart problems could be detected if the individuals had received an EKG. An EKG measures the electrical currents of the heart and shows when there are defects or blocks by the change in waveform. If more people were able to have an EKG when the problems arose, then maybe more lives would have been saved. How to cite Ekg Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise, Papers

Of Mice and Men - Prejudice free essay sample

Of Mice And men, there are many examples of prejudice. The main types of prejudice shown in this novel are racial, sexual and social prejudice. This essay is firstly going to look at racial prejudice. There is much racial prejudice shown in of mice and men towards Crooks, the black crippled stable buck. Crooks is more permanent than the other ranch hands and has his own room off the stables and in the barn, he has many more possession than the rest of the ranch hands. This room is made put to be privileged and also because it means he is nearer to the horses but in fact it is really because the other ranch hands do not want him in the bunk house with them. As a result of this prejudice Crooks has become bitter and very lonely. When Lennie comes to pet the puppies, not even realising that Crooks room is â€Å"out of bounds†, Crooks instantly becomes defensive and uncivil, â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunk room and you ain’t wanted in my room† but Lennie in his childish innocence is completely without prejudice, â€Å"why ain’t you wanted†, he asks. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Prejudice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Crooks retaliates to this with: â€Å"Cause I’m black, they play cards in there but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, all of you stink to me†. This quote shows us that Crooks desperately wants to join I, be accepted, but because of his colour he cannot so he feels the only way he can make himself feel better is to cut himself off further. When Crooks realises that Lennie means no harm he invites him to â€Å"come on in and set a while† Lennie talks to him about George and his dream, it makes Crooks remember his childhood which he looks back on as a kind of heaven. The white kids come to play at our place, an’ sometimes I went to play with them and some of them were pretty nice. My ol’ man didn’t like that. I never knew till long later why he didn’t like that. But I know now†. Crooks did not experience racism directly as a child, this makes his current situation worse as he was not us ed to racism. Crooks is fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George. Especially how close they are. Crooks said, â€Å"Well, s’pose, jus’ s’pose he don’t come back. What’ll you do then? Crooks asked these questions as he does not have any friends, and he would not know how losing a friend unexpectedly would feel. He was curious and Envious, about the friendship of Lennie and George, noticing that Lennie is mentally immature, he takes advantage of this situation to â€Å"torture† him mentally, to make him feel better and ease the pain of having others reject him â€Å"Crooks face lighted with pleasure at his torture† he also does this to ease his jealousy towards the friendship Lennie has, but that Crooks will never have. He wants the people to feel the way that he does, completely alone. Crooks goes on to talk about his loneliness â€Å"‘A guy needs somebody to be near him’, he whined: ‘A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you’ he cried ‘I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ gets sick’† Crooks is looking for sympathy, he is so incredibly lonely that he says being lonely can make you fall ill. Lennie continues to talk about is dream. Crooks, having been on the ranch for quite a while, has witnessed a lot of people with the same dreams, he mocks it â€Å"Nobody ever gets to heaven, and nobody never gets no land† but when Candy comes in and backs up what Lennie has been saying he begins to believe in the dream â€Å"if you†¦ guys want a hand to work for nothing just his keep, why I’d come and lend a hand† Crooks sees the dream as his escape from what he is living in, somewhere like his childhood where his colour would not be an issue. There are different levels of racial prejudice throughout the book. Most of the ranch hands do not socialise with Crooks but would not go out of their way to insult him.