Language Management Relative to Gender, Cultural Background, and Goals of Interaction

The Old GRE Exam and the GRE General Test

The Old GRE Exam and the GRE General Test From time to time, standardized tests go through serious revisions. Test makers hope to make the test more relevant, more inclusive, and more in line with what colleges and graduate schools are looking for in their incoming students. A History of GRE Revisions 1949 The GRE, first created in 1949 via the Educational Testing Service (ETS) and administered at Prometric Testing centers, is no exception as it has gone through a number of changes. 2002 The earliest versions of the GRE only tested Verbal and Quantitative reasoning, but after October of 2002, the Analytical Writing Assessment was added.  Ã‚   2011 In 2011, ETS decided that the  GRE needed a  major  overhaul, and decided to create the Revised GRE exam, complete with a new scoring system, new types of questions, and a completely different testing system that not only changed the difficulty of the test as students progress, but allowed students to mark answers to go back to questions previously skipped or change answers. It also allowed for students to select more than one answer as correct if the test question indicated to do so.   2012 In July 2012, ETS announced an option for users to customize their scores called ScoreSelect. After testing, on test day, testers can choose to send just their most recent scores or all of their test scores to colleges and universities to which they would like to apply. Schools who receive the scores will not know whether or not the test-takers have sat for the GRE  once or more than once, if they choose to send just one set of scores.   2015 In 2015, ETS changed the name yet again from the Revised GRE back to the GRE General Test, and reassured testers not to be worried if they encountered test prep materials with one or the other names used. Old GRE vs. Current GRE General Test So, in case you are researching the GRE or happened to have taken the GRE prior to August of 2011, here is  a comparison between the old (between October 2002 and  August 1, 2011) and the current (post August 1, 2011) GRE exams. GRE Exam Old GRE Exam GRE General Test Design Test questions change based on answers (Computer-Based Test) Test sections change based on answers.Ability to change answersAbility to mark answers and come back (Multi-Stage Test)Ability to use a calculator Structure Old Structure Current Structure Time Approx. 3 hours Approx. 3 hours 45 min. Scoring Scores range from 200-800 in 10-point increments Scores range from 130-170 in 1-point increments Verbal Question Types:AnalogiesAntonymsSentence CompletionsReading Comprehension Question Types:Reading ComprehensionText CompletionSentence Equivalence Quantitative Question Types:Multiple Choice Quantitative ComparisonMultiple Choice Problem Solving Question Types:Multiple-choice Questions - One AnswerMultiple-choice Questions - One or More AnswersNumeric Entry QuestionsQuantitative Comparison Questions AnalyticalWriting Old Analytical Writing DetailsOne Issue EssayOne Argument Essay Revised Analytical Writing DetailsOne Issue EssayOne Argument Essay

Culture and Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture and Mental Health - Essay Example The definition of normality is undoubtedly value laden; the issue of culture must be addressed, not only in the treatment process, but in evaluation and diagnosis as well. Embedded in one's culture are beliefs and attitudes regarding spirituality, family structure, gender roles, and health care, all of which affect relationships, the choice of activity, and the preferred environment. In addition, cultural values vary tremendously and must be taken into account when planning any aspect of intervention. The effects of mental illness reach far and beyond the afflicted individual. They touch the family, friends, and caregivers as well. How the symptoms are managed depends on a great degree on the amount of information provided by the mental health professional. In addition, the cultural perspective will often dictate the level of shame and stigma that must be overcome and how treatment will be provided by the mental health system. Russia acknowledges their need for development in terms of their mental health system's community-based programs due to the country's diverse regional contexts. Since 1997, a series of projects were undertaken by Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies and Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry are working hand in hand to facilitate the country's need for more community-based programs. Projects are being implemented in Central and South Russia and Siberia regions. The joint venture introduced the ideas and most outstanding performance of community mental health rehabilitation through specialized education and developing local pilot schemes, and assisted growth of parent and consumer support associations. The mental health system in Russia is at a premature phase of modification from an institution-based to a community-based practice. The modification is being strengthened by two factors: a rising perception that community behavior and maintenance is much more pleasing than extensive hospitalization; and, the monetary obligation to augment the proportion of outpatients getting psychiatric care, in opposition to those who are hospitalized. With a growing quantity of people with psychiatric illnesses, the demands upon the existing system of institutionalized care are at an all time elevation. About one fourth of all inpatients in Russia have been hospitalized for more than 12 months and this speed remains fairly steady. Among the patients who were hospitalized less than 12 months, the regular length of their infirmary stay go beyond 70 days per admittance, a very extended time in association with Western nations, with yearly readmission charges relatively high at roughly 23% (Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry statistics). Given the nonexistence of substitute community service models, there is no choice but to relocate a considerable fraction of long-term inpatients to specialized nursing homes for chronic mental patients, resulting in a course of 'transinstitutionalization' as a replacement for the more desirable 'deinstitutionalization'. An added problem is that existing federal health policies forbid transmittal of finances from institutional services to community alternatives, and no capital has been owed to the improvement of latest community services. Such strategies limit the potential for modification in the mental health system, and will have to be altered. The reform is progressing in the context of very limited knowledge of effective means whereby community-based services might be

Pyschotropic medications used in schizoprenia patients Term Paper

Pyschotropic medications used in schizoprenia patients - Term Paper Example Many with schizophrenia are believed not to be able to live a normal productive life. Many with schizophrenia are unemployed because of the negative stereotypes that come along with the illness, and lack of support inside the work place. Many who are employed are often employed in low paying jobs. Many people who have symptoms of it suffering a will develop severe depression. The depression comes from the isolation someone with schizophrenia has to face. When someone is first diagnosed with schizophrenia, and is put on medication the person will begin to feel normal once again. When the person feels normal, the person might stop taking the medication. This is a problem that many people who have schizophrenia, and many of the caregivers of people with schizophrenia have to face every day. Opening Schizophrenia is a mental illness affecting more people every year. The use of anti psychotics also called psycho tropic medications are used to treat someone with the illness. The illness us ually develops in the late teens, and early twenties for young men, and as late as the thirties for women. Because there are so many forms of the disease there is no one treatment that works best in the treatment of schizophrenia. When someone is first diagnosed with schizophrenia, the person will exhibit symptoms like delusions. The delusions are very real to somebody with schizophrenia. ... The patient would stop taking the medication, because the patient does not think the patient is sick. Body There are many types of psycho tropic drugs used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia. Some of these drugs are no longer in use. There have been many drugs introduced since the 1980s. When someone is exhibiting symptoms of schizophrenia, the doctors will first attempts to control the schizophrenia by using only one type of anti psychotic medication. In the 1950s there were only four â€Å"typical† medications used to treat the effect’s schizophrenia. A medication that is considered â€Å"typical† would be Thorozine, Haldol, Perphenazine, Fluphenazine. These medications were very useful for somebody who had schizophrenia. Oftentimes many patients who took this medication were able to live normal, and productive life as members of society. Many people in society will shut out someone who has schizophrenia. The reason many people shut out people who have schi zophrenia is from an overwhelming fear that people with schizophrenia are very dangerous people. With the help of the medication there are many people living with schizophrenia, who work regular jobs, and live a normal life as a member of society. When someone begins treatment for schizophrenia, the doctor will determine what type of symptom the person with schizophrenia is having. There are two types of classifications for medication to treat someone living with schizophrenia. There are the above listed â€Å"typical† medications that someone can be treated with. This was the only type of medication available to treat schizophrenia, up until the mid-1980s. There was no treatment for schizophrenia in a till the mid-1950s. In the mid-1950s the â€Å"typical†

Air legislation - mantenance, planning and organisation Essay

Air legislation - mantenance, planning and organisation - Essay Example The aircraft is capable of rotation along the three axes namely; Pitch ,Roll and Yaw, in addition to a linear motion along the specific air route when in- flight. For any type of movement shown by the aircraft ,the weight of the aircraft must be balanced out to maintain the position of the center of gravity for stability. An air craft can have Lateral center of gravity, Longitudinal center of gravity and even Vertical center of gravity. The most important if these being the Lateral cg, which has a critical role in stabilizing the pitch of the aircraft. Lateral cg is further partitioned into Forward and Aft cg. There are limits to the Fore and Aft cg positioning. If the Fore and Aft cg is out of range the aircraft may pitch uncontrollably up or down during take-off ,flight or landing. For example if the cg is too far forward , the plane is likely to tilt forward or crash The Lateral cg position is to be maintained in order to control and stabilize any unwanted roll movement during any stage of flight. The position of Lateral cg can shift if there is an uneven distribution of fuel in the tanks,or in case of an uneven seating arrangement of passengers in a small aircraft. The Vertical cg position is associated with the stability of the flight along the yaw axis. A shift in the vertical cg can result in yawing motion if not compensated for by the pilot during take-off, flight and landing. The center of gravity is a major factor in the stability of an aircraft in all the phases of flight ; take-off ,cruise / flight and landing. A disturbance in the longitudinal, lateral or vertical cg can upset the movement of the aircraft along either of the three axes ;pitch , roll or

Accident that change My Life Forever

Accident that change My Life Forever An Accident that change My Life Forever â€Å"A little learning can be a dangerous thing.† (-Alexander Pope) Popes statement is explaining having too much knowledge may be dangerous, such as the invention of weapons. I never realize what a simple task my mother has explain to me many times could save my life. I still did not look both ways before going across the street, even though my mom said. â€Å"Look both ways while crossing the street, no matter if it is your turn.† I learned my lesson not listening to my mom. Now every time crossing the street, I look back to the day of the accident. In September 2002, my life change dramatically. On the way to school I got hit by a van while crossing the street. I was only in the 8th grade. From this car accident I experienced a lot of physical problems. This experience has taught me a valuable lesson to teach my daughter when she gets old enough to cross the street, but has took valuable bonding time away from us. On September 2002 the beginning of the school year, I was riding my bike to school. When it was time to cross a busy street I pushed the cross walk button. When it was my turn, I jumped on my bike and started to petal, suddenly I saw an old tan van coming my way. The sun shined through the drivers windshield into his eyes. The vehicle pushed me about fifty feet from the cross walk. The driver stopped and stepped out and said. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"I am very sorry the sun was in my eyes as I was turning.† Two construction guys wearing bright orange shirts came up to me and one of them said. â€Å"Would you like to call your parents on my cell?† They told me that they seen everything that happened. The guy who hit into me called the police. I just wanted to go to school and forget everything. After the police came and took both sides of the story, I started to walk with my bike. My bike had a bent tire and was it was rubbing against the frame. I kicked it to straighten it out and got back on my bike and rode t o school. When I got there the police was talking to the principal about the accident. After they finished talking to the principal, the staff called my mother to pick me up. I was scared of getting into trouble. There were tears rolling down my face. I was going to be grounded forever. After all I did not get any consequences. My mother was to worry that there was anything physically wrong with me. After a few hours later, my mother decided we needed to see a doctor. Six hours after seeing Dr. Chang, he explained how I was going to need some pain medicine for the bruised ribs I sustained. A week prior to my doctor visit, Dr Chang read my X-Ray exams only to find out I had a bulging and deteriorating disk. Disks are the soft gelatinous material that cushions the vertebrae of the spine. In my back where the disk were providing me cushion is now friction between the bony vertebras which creates inflammation. A bulging disk is a condition in the spine. A bulging disk occurs when the disk shifts out of its normal radius and most often occurs with ageing, but happen to me very young. There was a law suit and I closed it in November 2008 for 7,000 dollars. My back causes me to have a lot of pain throughout my body. I have gone through physical therapy. I have gone to the chiropractor many times. I got prescribed pain medication, but no longer take it anymore. I have learned pain medic ation will destroy my body in the long run. My physical problem affects my daughter because it is hard to hold her all the time. She cries when I am not able to hold her under my arm when we are going to bed every night. Once she gets older she will understand why I wasnt able to do certain things for her. We have lost some valuable time together and I hope we can gain it back through the years to come. Even though, she may not able to remember I wasnt able to hold her as much. I would like to explain to her why because it will keep her safer. I will make sure to tell her this story when I am telling her to look both ways before crossing the street. I believe it will help her understand why I am going to tell her a million times every day. I didnt know why. I just crossed the street because I didnt have no knowledge what can happen to me, but she will. Back to Popes statement, knowledge could be a dangerous thing because if vehicles were not invented I most likely would not have thi s physical problem. I would also be able to hold her much as she wants me and be able to do anything for her. The positive thing that came out of this experience, I can tell my daughter about a valuable lesson learned I cannot blame this on technology. I still should have listened to my mother. I hope my daughter does not have to say the same thing.

Aesthetic Experience and Verbal Art :: Argumentative Philosophy Argument Papers

Aesthetic Experience and Verbal Art It is a common assumption that there is an art which can be defined as literary or verbal. Yet, this definition relies mainly on linguistic criteria. Can literary art also be accounted for philosophically? In this paper I intend to offer such an account. Starting from the Hegelian conception of language and of the aesthetic experience, I shall argue that literary, and more specifically poetic, discourse can be defined as the verbal completion of an aesthetic experience, and that this distinctive feature marks off literary discourse from other types of discourse such as scientific and philosophical discourse. In Hegel's view language is concomitant with self-conscious-ness. (1) The birth of language is to be situated in the transition in the growth of the subject's identity from the conscious moment to the self-conscious moment. To a conscious subject, reality offers itself as an object (Gegenstand) and the world reflects the categorizing activity of the intellect (understanding, Verstand). In the self-conscious subject the world is internalized with the effect that it becomes a presentation (Vorstellung, pictorial concept) of the subject's conceptualization of the world. This presentation is realized in verbal signs. Indeed, the dyadic structure of the sign (signifier/signified) exhibits a minimal degree of materiality together with a maximal degree of signification (meaning). The material aspect of the sign is completely subordinated to the meaning it conveys. To Hegel therefore the verbal sign is a kind of 'objective correlative' to the internalized conceptualization of the world accom plished by the self-conscious subject. In and through language the self-conscious subject expresses its internalized and thus highly subjective perception of the world in an objective verbal presentation. In the transition (Aufhebung, sublation) from consciousness to self-consciousness, i.e. from understanding (Verstand) to insight (Vernunft, reason), there is a momentary equilibrium in which the world yields its opaque materiality and the mind (Vernunft, reason) has not yet fully internalized the object. The empirical world discloses itself in the light of the mind and the latter conforms itself to the former. This sensuous appearance or semblance of meaning (das sinnliche Scheinen der Idee) is the very core of the aesthetic consciousness or experience. In the aesthetic experience the subject does as yet not intend to understand (i.e. the function of the intellect (Verstand)) nor does it want to conceptualize the empirical reality (i.e. the function of reason). In other words: in the aesthetic contemplation there is a momentary harmony between the subjective and the objective aspect of comprehension, between sensuous and rational perception, between rationalization and insight.

Multicultural Issues in the Workplace

Needs, values, priorities of employees and employers have changed dramatically over the last decade. On all levels of the corporate ladder, men and women are seeking new ways to manage the time they spend working so they can spend more time living. In the boardrooms, executives are seeking ways to attract – and retain – the best employees so they can continue to survive and thrive in a highly competitive global economy. As companies are becoming more and more diverse it is becoming more and more important for companies to understand and manage diversity.The people of different background, races, religion creates diverse workforce. There is an importance of having diverse workforce to provide better performance. There are perspectives of managing the diverse workforce, which require organization leaders and managers of being responsible of attaining better diverse workforce. Diversity means differences, difference of age, sex, race, religion and culture etc. People with different demographic differences working in the organization makes diverse workforce. And it is becoming more important for the organizations to know about these differences and how to manage it.Diversity is also the common issue in the workforce environment, in some companies employees often get discriminated or misunderstood because of the diverse features. So it is important for the companies to manage the diversity workforce to value best performance. As differences have often been associated with discrimination, bias, unfair treatment and conflicts, managing diversity in workforce is an important task for managers today. Managing diversity in the workplace refers to the ways of managers used in ensuring employees in the organizations who come from different group do not suffer discrimination.Management can mobilize the differences and similarities in each and every one of the employees for the benefits of both the individuals and organizations. Ensuring fairness and equality i n a diverse workplace is more than just doing a good deed, it is imperative in today’s fast moving and sophisticated business world. Diversity is increasing everyday in every organization: in America 1 in 4 Americans belongs to a minority or is foreign-born. Women, who currently make up less than half the work force, are expected to fill 65 percent of the jobs created during this decade. Whether you are a business owner, executive, salesperson or customer- service professional, your success will increasingly depend on your ability to function in a culturally diverse marketplace,† (Profiting in America’s Multicultural Marketplace’ Lexington Books). Why should companies concern themselves with diversity? Many managers answered this question with the statement that discrimination is wrong, both legally and morally. But today managers are voicing a second notion as well. A more diverse workforce, they say, will increase organizational effectiveness.It will lif t morale, bring greater access to new segments of the marketplace, and enhance productivity. In short, they claim, diversity will be good for business. Research stated that the Canadian companies leading the way in the area of diversity management have discovered that by embracing the elements of ethnic and cultural diversity in their workforce they have enhanced their ability to understand and tap new markets, both within Canada and abroad. Managing diversity There is no doubt that the American workforce has changed in dramatic ways.Twenty years ago the American workforce was predominantly white and male: in the 70’s, non-Hispanic white males represented about 68% of the workforce while in 2006 represented less than 40% of the workforce. (Ivancevich,p54). One of the reasons white males no longer dominate the workforce is that women have entered the workforce in record numbers. It is estimated that at the end of the decade, more than 60% percent of adult American workforce, o r almost half of the American work force will be female(Ivancevich. 2007).Organizations have to follow the many guidelines to get diversity stick: they have to focus on getting the best talent out of the person regardless of different age, sex and other demographic differences; they have to develop career plans for all employees of the organization including the minorities; they have to promote minorities to responsible positions in the workplace; they have to make managers responsible to obtain diversity goals by managing their employees well. Managers also have to communicate well with all the employees and listen to their problems that are of different background or cultures.Also organizations should build diversity into senior management. Improved understanding of diversity seems to be an obvious need, yet most firms fail to invest time and resources to become â€Å"diversity-friendly. † Even though there is a long way until diversity in the work force will be fully integ rated, there are a few success stories about diversity management that could serve as an example. For example United Airlines experienced an increase in Spanish-speaking travelers when it installed a Spanish-speaking telephone reservation line.Avon Products had significant revenue growth after it hired African American, Hispanic American, and Asian American sales and marketing personnel. Another example that we can use is Pillsbury Company and Kraft General Foods who both recorded access to more of the African American and Hispanic American markets after increasing the number of sales and advertising professionals from these ethnic-racial groups. Lookism Lookism is the ugly prejudice that judges people on their physical beauty instead of their ability.This happens everywhere: in the office, on the street, in the media and in virtually every aspect of our lives. The media fully perpetuates this myth that beauty is more important than anything else, that skinny women are more beautifu l than overweight women, and that beautiful skin, hair and teeth make a person better than the one that is considered plain. If you’re unattractive in face or body, you probably learned early on that you pay a price. In school, you were excluded from the â€Å"in† group. When you wanted to date, few people were interested.On the street, people look not at you but past you. We all know that, after all, looks does matter. And it matters in the workplace too. As we can read in the article â€Å"Your appearance, good or bad, can affect size of your paycheck†, a â€Å"growing body of research supports what many suspect: in the workplace, an employee's physical appearance is a powerful symbol that affects job success. Reading more we discover that , â€Å"Looking good on the job is an intangible asset that can be important, just as sharp technology skills or the ability to be a team player can give certain workers an edge†.We have to admit that there are indus tries that solely judge people by their looks such as the entertainment industry and modeling. In those industries, a person's looks is his/her commodity because the public want to see attractive gods and goddesses, not average-looking people. As a conclusion I can say that even though people are protesting the fact that lookism is deemed as discrimination, there is a slim chance that the concept of judging people based upon looks will change overnight.In order for this to change, we all have to change. We, as people, we need to stop judging by the look. We should judge by the qualities that a person has. Organizational Culture An organization's culture varies as widely as the nature of work itself. Oftentimes a unique different mix of values and norms govern the cultural environment of an organization. In today's fast changing business environment, the cultural make-up of an organizations plays a critical role in the success of the firm to achieve its strategic objectives.Culture i s not an easily defined concept, but generally it is the values, beliefs, and norms expressed in work practices and behavior. An organization's culture is not necessarily an articulated list of values found in an appendix in an annual report. Rather, culture is created by the organization itself. Many corporations have recognized that diversity contributes to the bottom line by making it easier to retain good employees, lowering costs by developing skill in-house and developing a reputation that helps attract new employees.As Swanson states in the article â€Å"Diversity: Creating an Environment of inclusiveness†, â€Å"It has been suggested that one of the keys to integrating diversity is developing the ability to hold multiple perspectives without judgment. A statement easier written than accomplished! Although this is a challenge, there are several strategies that we can use to develop this skill: staying in the present, working to increase our comfort level with ambiguit y, striving to decrease distortion, and choosing actions that support our desired outcomes. †We can see that organizations have created specific recruiting programs that target traditional minority universities and trade schools. They have also tied the recruiting programs into a reporting relationship with the diversity council and other leadership initiatives. In tandem with recruiting programs, retention programs have been formed to address existing employees. Almost all organizations have started diversity programs. As a result high quality minority candidates are being recruited by other companies. This has created a highly competitive market for the very best minority employees.Gender In early societies, women bore children, cared for the home, and helped maintain the family's economic production. Men hunted, made war, and, in settled societies, assumed primary responsibility for field crop production. Women's status is a complex issue and a hard-to-define subject. Aroun d the world, women's status in each society and culture varies in different ways. In some societies, women's status improved gradually, while in other, it declined or remained unchanged. As it is mentioned in the article â€Å"Why Aren’t We There Yet? An Equal Pay Day 2009 Primer on the Wage Gap. , â€Å"Unfair pay is not simply the result of women choosing the wrong college major or career. Women attend similar kinds of colleges as men, outperform men academically, and are more likely to earn a professional license or certificate. Yet women earn less than men even within majors. These wage gaps start upon entering the workforce; just one year after college, female graduates working full time earn only about 80 percent as much as male graduates earn. Ten years after graduation, women fall farther behind, earning only 69 percent as much as men earn.And college educated women still earn less than their male peers when controlling for hours, occupation, parenthood, and other f actors normally associated with pay. † However, women have made positively progress towards equality and their role in the society has been changed dramatically since the last century. The number of working women with children has more than doubled in the past 50 years. As my own opinion, I can say that even with all the changes that happen around the world regarding women’s place in the workforce, the stereotypical role of housewife is still present.Even when women break out from this role, they still not had given an equal opportunity. Men tend to hold administrative positions, while women usually have the positions that support the administrator. Religion The business world has gone global, and our diverse workplace could be the key to connecting with potential customers here and abroad. In my opinion, encouraging dialog and sharing of religious and cultural norms in the working place, not only will help decrease misunderstanding and misinformation among the employee s, but interaction with clients and vendors from other cultures and religions will become second nature.Knowing when (or when not to) shake hands, share a meal, or offer a glass of wine can give your company a good advantage in today’s global market. Based on this problem, a paragraph from the article â€Å"Religious groups and employers try a new approach to faith at work. † got my attention: â€Å"The idea of addressing religion in the secular business world often causes even seasoned human resources executives to pause and see how it complements their people-management strategies.At Texas Instruments, worldwide diversity director Terry Howard remembers his reaction when approached by 10 Christian employees about forming a company-sanctioned religious group. â€Å"The questions that I raised were: What does this mean to TI? How would recognizing you as a group help TI meet its business objectives and targets? How is it going to make TI serve customers better? How i s it going to make TI a good place to work for everyone and be inclusive? † he says.They made it quite clear that they saw themselves as being in the position to help us recruit and retain people of faith-based backgrounds. † In my opinion, having companies that respect employees religious background (allowing employees to take days off based on their religious beliefs), can attract top candidates for the company. In my opinion, each feels honored and respected and it is a win-win for the company and for the employee as well. By showing employees that you respect their beliefs and customs, you will be building a strong relation and in the same time creates employee loyalty.

buy custom Kennewick Man essay

buy custom Kennewick Man essay Kennewick man is the name that has been given to the skeletal remains of a pre-historical man found along the banks of River Columbia in Washington. These remains were found during a boat race in the Columbia River in July 28th, 1996. Incidentally, two fans had pulled ashore to get a better view of the race found the human skulls and thereafter took them to the County Coroners. From the County Coroners, an archeologist known as James Chatter used the skulls to retrieve a nearly complete human skull with a long narrow face. This was claimed to suggest a European descent. However, controversy began to rise early when the skull was found to be over 9,000 years old laying to rest earlier speculations that it could be 40 to 50 years old.(Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 1997). From that moment on, the stretch of Columbia River has been maintained by the US Army Corps of Engineers, being considered a part of the traditional homeland of the Umatilla tribe. This kind of arrangement draws from the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act that was signed by President George H. W. Bush in 1990. This act dictates that if human remains are found on Federal lands and their cultural affiliation properly determined then the bones must be returned to that particular tribe for reburial. The Umatilla tribe made the claim to the bones and the claim was granted thereby necessitating commencement of the process of repatriation.(Lee Mike, December 26, 1999). Immediately the process of repatriation began, eight archeologists sued for the right to study the skull before it could be reburied. And in September 1998, the high court judges ordered that the skulls be sent for study. However, yet again a protracted battle took shape. The political battles were framed mostly by people who wanted to know about the actual race of the Kennewick man. Finally, the study commenced in Seattle Museum in 2005 and results started trickling in later in 2006. Till this day, the actual race of Kennewick man has not been determined as they neither fit the Indian nor the European Races. (Tano Mervyn, Kimberly TallBear and Huia Pacey, 2000). The politics of the Kennewick man has become complex with time. Sometime in January of the year 2000, there was a moment of relief that the issue had been solved. That was when Franck McManamon, the Chief Archeologist at the National Park Service, announced that the findings on the skeletal remains had indicated an age of about 9,000 and therefore rendered the skeleton subject to the National American Graves and Repatriation Act. Department of Interior,( September 25, 2000). However, this was not to last. In a quick rejoinder, the court indicated that there was still an issue with the real meaning of the word Native America as defined in the Act. According to them, the inclusion of the word indigenous in the definition implied that the law could not apply to tribes that descended from the immigrants who came to America from other continents. (Liloqula Ruth, Summer 1996). However, the problem could easily be solved if politics and legal arguments are kept at bay. It is quite visible that the Congress did not intend to limit the term Native American. Rather, the National Amercan Graves and Repatriation Act was meant to be all inclusive for the tribes and cultures that resided in the lands comprising the United States of America prior to the historically documented European exploration of these American lands. In fact, by all the scientific information available, every single individual in America is a descendant from the immigrants who came from other continents. In light of this, the legislation by the Congress could not any other meaning.(Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 1997). The question of the real affiliation of the Kennewick man remains a fundamental problem. Already, five different tribes have laid claim for its ownership. These include the Umatilla, Colville, Wanapum, Nez Perce and Yakama. As much as the war of words continues to rage, what remains to be seen is whether a DNA test will unravel this affiliation.( Kevles, Daniel J. 1994). However, archeologists already acknowledge that this determination will be a daunting task considering that ethnicity is only determined by cultural definitions and not any scientific methods. Indeed, the only reliable way to make an intelligent guess is by using the study of the ancient skeletal remains to understand the migration patterns of the American immigrants. (Tano Mervyn, Kimberly TallBear and Huia Pacey, 2000). In a letter written in September 2000 by Bruce Babbitt who was by the time the US Secretary of the Interior seemed to have laid the few facts that existed. According to her, the Department of Defense of the United States had determined that the evidence of the cultural continuity was strong enough to show that the Kennewick man is affiliated to the present day Indian tribe claimants. In her view, the Indian tribe claimants were then considered the legal custodians of the skeletal material. (Liloqula, Ruth, Summer 1996). The evidence that formed the backbone of the argument of the Department of Interior was obtained from oral history, American geography and a small bit of archeological sources. However, the public perception of the Department of Interior that this provided adequate evidence was quite interesting, considering they did not recommend or intend to do any further testing.(Kevles Daniel J. 1994). However, shortly thereafter, the Department found out that another skeletal remain called the Spirit Cave mummy could not be affiliated historically or otherwise to any of the modern tribes, although it was roughly the same age as the Kennewick man.(General Assembly of the State of Vermont, 2000). As a matter of fact, none of the laboratories could make any findings on the DNA samples given to them. In fact, they could not even obtain adequate material for the DNA tests from the bone collagen. It was only up to late that the U.C. Davis Molecular Anthropology Laboratory reported that further develo pments in the methods of DNA analysis could make it possible to extract and study the DNA of the remains of the Kennewick man.(Tano Mervyn, Kimberly TallBear and Huia Pacey, 2000).While that sounded like a good idea then, it is yet to happen. The eight scholars who had gone to court to be allowed access to the Kennewick skeletal material came to the fore again. They renewed their suit against what they considered a severe professional setback. This is a clear inndicator that besides the politics of the Kennewick man, a good majority of the general public hold the belief that the Kennewick Man should be reburied without further DNA analysis. (Associated Press, February 2, 2000).To many observers, this could just be but one of the unending battle in the war between scientific advancement and conservative religious beliefs. Meanwhile, there is no denying that the stakes are high on both sides of the divide and may not end soon if not timely reconciled.(Luca Cavalli-Sforza Luigi, 1997). Some legal progress continues to be made anyway. On August 2002, a judge in the state of Oregon gave a ruling that was considered a relief for the archeologists. This long-awaited decision saw the judge rule that the scientists must be permitted access to the Kennewick skeletal remains so they could study it and make the determinations that befit them. It further restricted the repatriated of the skeletal remains of the Kennewick man to the American Indian tribes that were party to the court case. This reasoning no doubt had serious implications then and will certainly have an impact on future procedures and legal considerations concerning the protection of archaeological resources.(Liloqula, Ruth, Summer 1996). As of any legal document, the Kennewick Man decision is like a die already cast. The document was clearly written with perfect logic and therefore the mere fact that it bears sharp criticism of the undertakings of the Department of the Interior on the federal lands cannot be taken for granted. However, it continues to be seen as a denial of rights of the tribes, often drawing more sympathy than sense in its analysis. Currently, the popular argument is that the prevailing legislation that should have been given more consideration was that which protects archeological resources (APRA) and not the one that roots for repatriation (NAGPRA). (Tano, Mervyn, Kimberly TallBear and Huia Pacey, 2000) The Archaeological Resources Protection Act ARPA of 1979 was purposely intended to ensure that archaeological sites occurring on federal lands are properly safeguarded. Further, the main focus was to be on the protection and conservation of the archaeological materials for science. In fact, all the artifacts found under ARPA were to be given special protection by the state and be made available to qualified scientists in a timely manner.(Kevles, Daniel J. 1994). On the other hand, NAGPRA that was enacted in 1990 was meant to ensure that archaeological and cultural materials the lands considered federal lands would necessitate repatriation to the original owners as defined by history. However this was to be effected only after they had been properly identified and assigned to the descendants American Indian tribes who made a logical claim for them, especially archeological material of human remains and the traditional ceremonial goods. Essentially, it remains to be seen if the legal b attles will continue and if the Indian tribes will be given a permanent right to bury the skeletal remains after an adequate DNA test. (Lee Mike, December 26, 1999). Meanwhile, the battle continues in the court of laws and the pulpit with equal measures. It remains to be seen just if DNA test will provide a solution to this complex question. Buy custom Kennewick Man essay

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