The use of the x ray machine in the medical field. And how it was Research Paper

The use of the x ray machine in the medical field. And how it was invented and how far it has come (technology wise) and also it - Research Paper Example The discovery was actually accidental. The scientist found that invisible rays were emitted from a cathode ray tube and that these could penetrate wood and also paper. These rays were able to create a glow on a screen that was several years yards away. The glow was fluorescent. The screen that was observed was barium platinocyanide screen (Assmus, 10). The tube generating X-rays, the cathode rays was Crookes tube (Assmus, 10). The scientist made use of these properties to study the structure of bone of human hand. Several years after discovery of these rays, actual X-ray machines were invented. In 1900, it was discovered that radium rays are actually dangerous to skin. Radiology began to emerge as one of the medical specialities in 1900. Skill, the technical know-how and interpretation of image improved significantly (Linton, 27) X-rays are basically electromagnetic waves and their behavior is similar to light rays (Dendy, 48). However, their wavelengths are short. One useful propert y of the X-rays is, when the rays are directed towards a target that is of low density, they pass through the target uninterrupted. In case the target is of high density, like that of parts of human beings, the X-rays either get absorbed or are reflected. This occurs because of very less space between adjacent atoms in high density targets, which do not allow short waves to pass through. When the X-rays pass through completely through the target like in case of flesh, dark areas are seen on the screen. When they are blocked by high density targets like bones, they appear as light areas (Assmus, 14). It was Roentgen who discovered that X-rays basically originate from the tube at a point where the cathode rays strike the glass and then disseminate (Assmus, 14). He found that the origin point of X-rays moves as the rays coming from cathode are moved by a magnetic field. The X-rays however, are insensitive to magnet. Based on these findings, Roentgen concluded that X-rays are distinct f rom the rays emerging from the cathode, the cathode rays (Assmus, 14). "Roentgen justified calling the new phenomena rays because of the shadowy pictures they produce: bones in a hand, a wire wrapped around a bobbin, weights in a box, a compass card and needle hidden away in a metal case, the inhomogeneity of a metal" (Assmus, 14). Two years after Roentgen's discovery, which was basically radiation secondary to artificial ionization, a French scientist by name Henri Becquerel, discovered natural ionizing radiation from certain types of rocks. The radiation rays were similar to X-rays by Roentgen. The rocks were later refined by his colleagues Marie Curie and Pierre Curie to deliver radioactive substances radium, uranium and polonium. Radium is now being used to treat cancers (Linton, 26). Roentgen won Nobel Prize for his discovery in 1901. That was the first Nobel proze in Physics ever (Linton, 28). William Coolidge from General Electric Laboratories developed cathode X-ray tube tha t was an improved version and was hot. The X-ray machine was shielded suitably to prevent scattering of radiation that harmed the technicians. Thus, X-rays emerged from the tubes, known as Coolidge's tubes, through a lead shielded aperture. This method of exposure to X-rays allowed patients to be placed within a beam of X-rays and at the same time allowed others to be kept away from the beam. A further advancement in this method of X-ray exposure

Pollution prevention Essay Example for Free

Pollution prevention Essay The article written by Chris Wiant â€Å"What is the P2 trend all about, and how are environmental health professionals involved?† discusses the history, objectives and significance of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s pollution prevention (P2) program to the environment and public health. In the early 70s, there was already a conscious effort in protecting the nation’s vital natural resources which was pioneered by Congress. But EPA wanted to expand their strategy in environmental protection which resulted in the birth of the P2 program. The main thrust of the pollution prevention program is to encourage companies to get involved in the community level by taking the initiative in becoming leaders in protecting the environment. In addition, the application of the program has facilitated the identification of its â€Å"potential for significant economic benefits by avoiding the need for treatment at the end-of-the-pipe.† Since P2 has been well received by businesses and its positive benefits are eminent, the next challenge is â€Å"how to institutionalize P2 as a standard business practice, and 2) how to get businesses and communities to see that P2 can be a pathway to a new partnership between them† (Wiant, 1997, p. 24). Moreover, the pollution prevention program is not only a directive that is focused on conservation and preservation of the natural resources. It is more directed at the sustainable maintenance of the activities that were already started by companies and the EPA but in a larger scale. Th e certainty of the success of the program can only be guaranteed if all sectors of the society work hand in hand in order to achieve a single goal which is to reduce the damage inflicted to the environment. Another aspect of the P2 program that is very appealing is its emphasis on preventive measures. Its design of â€Å"reducing the emission of toxic Pollution Prevention 2  substances into the environment, focusing on the manufacturing process as the point in which to control toxin emissions† is an innovative idea that will dramatically trim down the production of harmful substances. Through this approach a potential problem can be addressed to its initial stage. Instead of using the end-of-the-pipe strategy, businesses can already start with prevention during the manufacturing process. As a result, massive damages to  the environment can be avoided and it can also eliminate the risk of inflicting impairment to the public’s health. Also, it can significantly reduce the cost for businesses in decreasing their toxic emissions. It is like shooting 2 birds in 1 stone because companies can save a lot of money and time by just implementing the P2 program in their business p rocedures. By mandating business to utilize the P2 program, changes in common business practices will occur. But this alteration would be for the overall improvement of the policies and procedures of a company. Moreover, in a community that practices such programs, the quality of life of the people will greatly improve and the relationship of coexistence between man and nature will continue to flourish for the better (Wiant, 1997, p. 24)†¦ †¦ Works Cited Wiant, C. J. (1997). What is the P2 trend all about, and how are environmental health professionals involved?. Journal of Environmental Health, 59, 24.

Planning International Pricing Decisions

Planning International Pricing Decisions Outline and discuss the main factors a marketing firm would have to take into account when planning international pricing decisions. (50% of the available marks for this question) Introduction Many organizations emphasize that price is the most independent, variable yet convenient element of marketing mix. Pricing plays a main role in the international marketing and implementing effective marketing strategies. Price is one of major part of marketing mix. This is mainly based on the fact that pricing changes appear rapid and immediate in the market. Too many managers find pricing decisions very challenging and often difficult to make. This is in conjunction due to the fact that most of the modern organizations believe and know the importance of the strategic role of pricing in international marketing. For many small companies operating in local markets, pricing decision are based on the relatively straight forward for allocating the total estimated cost of producing, managing and marketing a product or service between the fore cast total volume of sales, and adding an appropriate profit margin. Such as fluctuation in exchange rate, acceleration inflation in certain countries and the use of alternative payment methods such as leasing, exchange and counter-trade. For these reason, it is important to know at the outset that development and implementation of pricing strategies in international market should follow the following stages. Analyse the factors which influence international pricing, such as the cost structures, the value the product, the market structure, competitor pricing levels and a variety of environmental constraints. Confirming what impact the corporate strategies should have on pricing policy. Evaluating the various strategic pricing option and selection the most appropriate approach. Implementing the strategy through the use of a variety of tactics and procedure to set the prices at small business unit level. Managing prices and financing international transaction. The factors effecting international pricing include following Corporate and marketing objectives Insurance Firm and product poisoning Product range, life cycle, substitute, product differentiation Marketing product development Available resources Inventory Shipping cost Pricing objectives The pricing decisions in general can analyse and viewed by two ways pricing as an achievement of marketing objectives or pricing as a fixed element in a business decision. If the previous view is followed, the company uses price to achieve a specific objective. Pricing decision should be consistent with the marketing objectives of the firm in a particular market as well as the overall policy of the company. Price escalation Price escalation is defined as changes in the price of specific goods or services in a given economy over a period of time. Excess profits do exist in some international markets, but generally unequal differences in price between the exporting country and importing country. Shipping from one country to another country the cost arises specifically, the term relates to situations where ultimate price are raised by shipping costs, insurance, packing, tax. The majority of this cost arise as a direct result of moving goods across borders from one to another country and join to escalate the final price to a level significant higher than local market. Competition The nature of market structure in particular is an important determinant of price. It refers to the number of competing firms, their size and relative position. In the case of an oligopoly structure, the entering firm would have little freedom to choose a price depending on the income levels, a certain market can takes only a certain level of pricing . A company can also use competitor`s prices as a landmark for poisoning its product as compare to competitors for example, if it wants to poison its product as being of higher quality than its competitors. When a company entering in to a market and using competitive prices, a company needs to check on the cost structure of its competitor`s. Price is just one of the element of marketing mix and has thus to be matched with other element of it. Pricing controls Companies doing business in foreign countries encounter a number of different types of government price setting. To control prices, government may establish margin, set prices and floor or ceiling, restrict price changes, compete in the market great subsidies or act as purchasing of monophony or selling monopoly. A company entering of entering a foreign market with a penetration strategy with a lower price Target Customer Marketers have to calculate and understand a particular portion or target customer group in the market that they are entering. Knowledge of demand elasticity the price is vital, as is knowledge of how customer will react in the case of price change. But with differentiated product, market share of a company can even be improved through higher prices. Brand names and image of high quality are two of the factors that characterise differentiated product that can be sold at the quality prices. References Chris Philips, Isobel Dooley and Robin Lowe, International marketing strategy, Pg 420,421 Ghauri and Cateora, International marketing 2nd Edition, Pg 442 452 Discuss the causes of and solutions for parallel imports and their effect on price. (50% of the available marks for this question) Introduction Parallel import is a non- imitation product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner. Parallel imports are often referred to as grey product, parallel imports develop when importers buy products from distribution in one country and sell them in another distribution which are not part of the manufacturer`s regular distribution system. Parallel imports are legitimately produced goods imported legally into a country without the authorization of a trademark, copyright, or patent holder. This practice is lucrative when wide margins exist between prices for the same product in different countries. For example the price of a Volkswagen car is in Germany showroom is 107.4 and in Spain that car price is 102.6 the same in France 103.9 and in UK 130.9. A variety of conditions can create the profitable opportunity for parallel imports in the market. Causes of Parallel imports There are several causes of parallel imports including: Fluctuation in currencies value Restricted import quotas High tariff Price differentials Restricted supply The possibility of parallel imports occurs when the price differences are greater than the cost of transportation between two markets. In Europe, because of different taxes and competitive price structures, price for the same product vary between countries. The variation in the value of international currencies between countries frequently leads to condition that make parallel imports profitable. Restriction brought about by import quotas and high tariff can lead to parallel imports and make illegal imports attractive. Example India has a three-tier duty structure on computer spare parts ranging from 40 to 70 percent on imports. As a result estimates are that as much as 30 percent of India domestic computer hardware sales are accounted for by grey market. Purposefully restricting the supply of a product in a market is another practice that causes abnormally high prices and thus makes a parallel market profitable. Such was the causes with Mercedes-Benz cars whose supply was limited in the United States. The grey market that involved in Mercedes cars was partially supplied by Americans returning to the United States with cars they could sell for double the price they had paid in Germany Possible Solution of parallel imports is as follow Reduce the price differentials between market Materially alter the product Educate the dealer Terminate the dealer agreement Buy back the grey market goods This is not strange for companies to find them self competing in one country with their own product imported from another country at lower prices. Most probably such prices differentials will cease to exist once all restrictions to trade are eliminated in the Europe union and a full fiscal union is achieved. To prevent parallel markets from developing such marketing and pricing strategies are used, companies must maintain strong control systems. These control systems are difficult to maintain and there remains the doubt that some companies are less anxious with controlling grey markets than they claim. Price Changes due to parallel imports The parallel imports have a negative effect on the original product. Sometimes grey market upset prices level and result from ineffective management and lack of control, observed evidence shows that the treats of parallel imports do decrease retail prices. In itself, these price effects are not enough to justify a free organization concerning of parallel trade.. The possibility of parallel imports occurs whenever price differences are greater than the cost of transportation among two markets, and the price of product are higher in domestic than neighbour countries. Example Japanese merchants have long maintained very high prices for consumer. As a result, prices for Japanese product sold in other country as lower price than they are in Japan. For example, Japanese can buy canon cameras from New York catalogue retailer and have them shipped to Japan for a price below that of the camera purchased in Japan. In addition to the higher prices for product at home, the rising value of currency makes these price differential even wide References Marketing across Cultures 5th Edition Jean-Claude Usunier and Julia Anne Lee Pg 297 198 International marketing strategy by Chris Philips, Isobel Dooley and Robin Lowe chapter 11 page 436,437) Question 4. Distinguish and explain the differences between tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. What strategic options are open to marketing firms when attempting to deal with the problems of non-tariff barriers in economically developed and industrialised countries? Choose at least one industrialised country to illustrate the points made. . Introduction Tariffs have always played an important role in generating revenue for the country. In most of the under developed countries, tariffs plays an important role in developing the economic policies of the country. For political reasons, tariffs are applied on imports, but sometimes they are also applied on exports. It is generally the easiest form of revenue generations. When a shipment comes on the border of the country, the custom officers analyze the products and charge tax on it on the basis of the formula. Since the goods cannot enter in the country without the written authorization of the tax authorities, thus it is very easy to collect the duty. Nowadays the free trade organizations discourage the tariffs applied on the goods. World trade organization (WTO) has played an important role in persuading the countries in reducing the tariffs imposed. But nowadays countries are more focused on the non-tariff trade barriers. These barriers are imposed on countries which do not comply with the guidelines laid down by the world trade organization. Tariff barriers to trade Tariffs are the restrictions imposed by the country on the imports and exports of goods and services. Tariffs have always been used as an instrument to increase the revenue generation and also to protect the local industry from the foreign competition. There are different types of tariffs which can be imposed by a country but the most common one are as follows. Ad valorem: it is set on the basis of the percentage of the value of the products being imported in to the country. But sometimes it isnt that useful because if the international price of the commodity decreases, than the tariff applied on it also reduces. Specific tariff: it is the specific amount of money that imposed on a product. Thus if the price of the product decreases than it does not affect the tariff. Revenue tariff: this kind of tariff is imposed specifically to generate revenue for the country. E.g. if a country does not grow coffee, than the government can impose a duty on the import of coffee beans to generate revenue. Prohibitive tariff: this kind of tariff is imposed to restrict the import of a specific product. Usually the tax imposed is so high that it is almost impossible for the companies to import or export the product. Protective tariff: this kind of tariff is imposed to specifically protect the local industries from the foreign influence. All the governments use this option to facilitate the local industries from the foreign competition. Environmental tariff: this kind of tariff is imposed on the imports and exports to the countries which have substandard environmental controls. These kind of tariffs are also known as eco-tariffs or green-tariff Retaliatory tariff: this kind of tariff is based upon revenge. E.g. if United States impose a tariff on Chinese imports than the China will also impose a tariff on the imports from USA. Sometimes countries use this option to influence the tariffs imposed by other countries. Non-tariff trade barriers: Non-tariff trade barriers are the types of barriers which are imposed by a country to restrict the imports but they are not like the usual tariff barriers. Some common examples of the Non-tariff barriers are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties. The use of non-tariff barriers have significantly increased over the past few years because of the work done by World Trade Organization (WTO) to reduce the tariff barriers imposed by different countries. Some Non-trade barriers are permitted in limited circumstances, especially when it is required to protect health, safety, sanitation or natural resources. But generally it is criticized because it violates the free trade rules set by the Worlds Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Examples of Non-tariff Barriers: The most common examples of non-tariff barriers are as follows. General/product specific quotas. Products standards Ban on imports Packaging conditions Labelling conditions Rules of origin Additional trade certificates like Certificate of origin, Certificate of Authencity. Dealing with the Non-tariff barriers: We are living in a very competitive environment. All the companies in the world are working hard to have a competitive edge over each other. Tariff and Non-tariff barriers play an important role in achieving the overall goal of the company in the foreign and domestic market. If a company wants to enter into a foreign market, it has to develop a strategy to enter into the market and makes profit. Governments use the Non-tariff barriers to facilitate the local industry from the foreign competition and also impose duty on their products to generate revenue. China has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world. For the last three decade, chinas economy has grown at approximately 10 percent per year. The main reason of chinas success is that it has dramatically penetrated into the foreign market while protecting its local industry. Most of the western countries and independent think-tanks blame china for manipulating with its currency and use cheap labor to boom it exports. China has very strict barriers on imports. A company has to go through very strict procedure to invest into the local market. (http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/lardy0507.pdf). China has imposed a lot of Non-trade barriers on the imports from the foreign countries. This has played an important role in developing the local industries. The Chinese government has helped the local industry to improve its efficiency by giving them financial and tax relief. The imports from China have drastically affected the American manufacturing industries. Although the imports from China has significantly increased in US but US exports isnt catching up at the same ratio. This has caused a huge trade deficit between the US and Chinese trade. Now USA has imposed anti dumping tariff on Chinese products. Recently the US international trade commission has ruled that the Chinese imports are hurting the American firms by selling the oil well pipes at a very low rate. Thus the Chinese steel pipe producers will face anti dumping tariffs of up to 99.14 %. This type of tariff barrier is called protectionist barrier. This kind of move can damage the relationship between the countries. (http://www.e-to-china.com/tariff_changes/data_tariff_changes/2010/0505/78017.html). The request for protection imports have significantly increased during the 2009. Many countries are targeting Chinese producers/exporters and trying to limit the imports from China to help their local industries to grow. (http://www.e-to-china.com/tariff_changes/data_tariff_changes/2010/0505/78017.html) Conclusion: To conclude we can say that non-tariff barriers play an important role in the revenue generation of the country. Most of the countries use tariff and Non-tariff barriers to protect their local industries and also to generate revenue. The most common type of Non-tariff trade barrier is protectionist barrier. Governments use this option to protect their local industries from the foreign competition. Tariff has been used by countries to generate revenue but sometimes it can also be used for political gain. Some countries can use these tariffs to unfairly restrict the imports from certain countries for personal reasons. Thus World Trade Organization played an important role in persuading the member nations to reduce the tariffs. This move has not only encouraged the trade between the countries but also helped in increasing the friendly relationship. Reference: http://www.bea.org.mk/Upload/Content/Documents/Report%202007%20NON-TARIFF%20BARRIERS.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff http://www.e-to-china.com/tariff_changes/data_tariff_changes/2010/0505/78017.html http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL31403.pdf http://www.card.iastate.edu/publications/DBS/PDFFiles/06wp438.pdf Question 5. Q5: under what circumstances might an international marketing firm consider using joint ventures to exploit business opportunities within a big emerging market (BEM)? Choose a particular product or service industry and a specific BEM as a vehicle for discussion. Introduction International operations have become one of the most integral part of a businesses and all the organizations adopt different strategies to penetrate into the foreign market. The success of an organization depends upon how well it has understood the market situation and modified its strategy accordingly. All the foreign markets have a unique risk and opportunities. Thus the companys main goal is to minimize the risk and explore the opportunities to attain the overall goals and objectives of the company. Thus the most commonly used strategy to enter into a foreign market is Joint Venture. A joint venture is an arrangement where two or more firms join forces for manufacturing, financial and marketing purposes and each has a share in both the equity and the management of the business There are many ways to approach a business opportunity in the market but Joint venture is considered to be the most appropriate and less risky. However one needs to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of joint venturing before entering into the relationship. When a company enters into a market, they make a series of contractual relationship with the local business by either licensing or distribution agreement. The main benefit is the parent company has limited integration with the local companies. They only pay them a limited amount of money but do not share profit. However if the company wants a more dynamic relationship, than it can form equity joint venture, so that both can work together to increase the profitability of the company, and also share the profit and loss together. Advantages and Disadvantages of Joint Venture There are many advantages and disadvantages of having a joint venture. On one hand, it enables a company to outsource it operations to other companies to reduce its overall cost, but its also very risky. The main risk is the ability and willingness of the other company to follow the guidelines and procedure laid down by the company. Capital requirement Advantage One of the most important advantages of having a joint venture is that the financial resources can be shared. E.g. A Company may be interesting in opening a business that requires a significant amount of money. Although it might have the required labor and technical resource but it doesnt have the financial capacity to fund the project. This kind of project is a good candidate for a joint venture. To start this project, the company can look for other companies which can share the financial cost to start the project. Disadvantage The most obvious disadvantage of having a joint venture is that the companies have to share their profits generated from the operations. A lot of issues can arise from this aspect because both the companies are not only sharing financial resources but they also share some technical know-how and intellectual property rights. These types of resources are difficult to value thus it can create some misunderstandings between the companies. Reduction of business risk Advantage A joint venture allows the investor to diversify its risk. The most important way of reducing the risks faced by the investor in the market is to diversify its portfolio by investing in different markets. Another advantage of joint venture is that when a company collaborates with a local firm than it can benefit from its local knowledge. The main risk that a company can face in the foreign market is the little knowledge of local needs. Economies of scale Advantage One of the most significant advantages of joint venture is achieving economies of scale for both companies. E.g. if the manufacturer gives the contract of sales and distribution to its local partner, it can focus mainly on bringing the product to its local partner. With proper planning, joint ventures can effectively reduce the cost associated with the product from the production to the end user. Control over Functional activities Advantage In joint ventures, the companies can also have a more dynamic relationship with each other by giving direct access to each others processes. E.g. a company can reduce its manufacturing cost by giving the production contract to the local company, but instead it can also seek a way to have some control on the manufacturing and production process of the local partner. Thus the foreign company can benefit from the local companies knowledge about the market and they can also share their business practices to strengthen their relationship. Sharing technology and management skills Advantage In joint venture, both the companies can share their expertise to improve the overall efficiency of the business. The main advantage of having a joint venture is that the foreign company can learn from the experience of its local partner about the local market. And the local partner can also take benefit from the foreign company to improve its technical and managerial skills. Both companies can share important information regarding their businesses to strengthen their relationship. Disadvantage Although sharing technology between the businesses can be a good idea, but sometimes the practices learnt from joint ventures can be used beyond Joint venture in other business. This is the main factor that discourages the companies to form joint ventures. Joint venture in Big emerging market International operations are one of the most important part of business strategies of the company. As the world has become a global village, the companies are faced with an intense competition and thus companies are continuously in search of exploring new market opportunities. Joint ventures have become an integral part of the businesses. Most of the big brands in the industry had joint ventures in past with other companies which helped them to increase the profitability. China is one of the largest economies in the world. Its products are exported all over the world. It has enjoyed approximately 10 percent growth rate for the 3 decades. It is one of the biggest exporters to United States. Chinas market is considered to be the best emerging market in the world and most of the big names have already entered into the market. These companies have effectively used the local companies and utilized their knowledge to increase the profitability of the companies. General Motors, Toyota, Motorola, IBM etc have affectively used joint venturing to reduce their production cost and increase the profitability of the companies. Chinese has significantly gained a huge market share in the telecom industry. Mobile phone giants like Apple, Motorola, Siemens, and Sony Ericson all operate in China. They assemble their products in China to enjoy cheap labour and manufacturing cost. Conclusion To conclude we can say that joint venture is one of the most important tools used by the companies to improve the productivity and profitability. It helps the foreign companies to enter in to a foreign market with the help of the local knowledge. Thus both the companies can use utilize each others resources to increase the productivity. In this way, the local companies can learn from the international business practices and managerial skills of the foreign company and the foreign companies benefit from the local knowledge of the local company. Although there might be some complications involved in joint venturing but if both companies work together, they can easily overcome any challenge.

Bonds and The Bond Market Essay -- essays papers

Bonds and The Bond Market Given today's uncertain economy, many people are taking time to examine various options for their financial future. Different types of investments are investigated and bonds are one of the more popular choices considered. Many of the same people who talk about investing in bonds, however, do not fully understand them nor where they place in the economy. Many individuals believe that they should simply buy a bond and wait until it matures before cashing it in. These people fail to realize that they may be losing a lot of money due to the fluctuation of bond prices. At some point it may be more profitable for them to sell their bond than to keep it until the payment date is reached. There are many people who do not understand what bonds really are. A bond is an agreement between two separate entities. One of these bodies gives, to the other, use of their money for a period of time and, in return, may receive a "bond". The bond issuer agrees to a fixed rate of return which he will pay the supporting person or business. This fixed rate of return is an amount, in percentages, which is paid at regular intervals until some future specified time ( the "maturity date"). Upon reaching the maturity date, one's original investment is returned to them. As previously mentioned, bonds are one of the more popular types of financial investment in today's economy. There are many reasons why people invest in bonds. For example, if one chooses a stable and profitable bond, it will provide a steady source of income through interest payments during the lifetime of the bond. As well, the risk when investing in a bond is considerably less than for most other forms of investment. The bond does not, for instance, experience the volatility of a stock on the stock market, like many other forms of investment do. Also, in instances where the issuer fails to pay the principal amount back to the bond holder, legal recourse is available. Furthermore, in cases of bankruptcy within large corporations with stock holders, bond holders take priority and are ... ...onsequently the prices of previously purchased bonds decrease. If you are able to hold onto your bond until the maturity date is reached, temporary changes in interest rates will not affect your financial investment; however, if you need to sell the bond before the marked maturity date, you might have to accept LESS than what you paid for it. This volatility can work to your advantage too, because it is possible that your bond could be worth more at the time you decide to sell. This is why it is important to keep up to date on bond prices. You may be able to make money by simply selling your bond before it's maturity date. In conclusion, I would suggest that bonds are a wise venue for anybody wanting to financially invest in different corporations or governments. I would caution, however that when selecting a bond, one should seek the guidance of an experienced investor. By choosing a bond that is right for you and your lifestyle, you have the potential of increasing your profits greatly and going home wealthier and happier.

Republic Day Speech

Respected Correspondent, Principal, teachers, parents, and dear brothers and sisters of my country, I would like to wish you all Happy Republic Day 2014. It has been my Privilege that I got an opportunity to speak in front of you all on this occasion. It has been 64 years from the day our constitution came into effect. In these 64 years our country has gone through a long journey of changes. I am going through some light on the history of our country. Before 1600 AD we were living a peaceful life, although there were some disputes between some states but it was not bothering normal citizens at all. But when in 1600, East India company came into India, things started changing. Slowly they started taking their grips to the steering of our country and till 1800 we were completely in control of British Government. In 1857 some real patriots stood up for the country and started a revolution against the British Raj. After a very long time and different-different revolution at several place s, finally we became free on 15th August, 1947. Then some rules and regulations were required to drive the country. So a committee was organized, which was given the work of writing the constitution for India.After the constitution was ready it came into effect from 26th January 1950, since then every year we remind that auspicious day and celebrate it as our Republic day. This day is called, because India became a republic country from this day. When we became republic country, things started changing. The command of country was in the people of the country. Elections were started and people selected their representatives. For sure we have done a lot of improvements after becoming republic but many problems like corruption and unemployment has grown up rapidly. So we need to find the solution for these problems, only then our country can become the best place on earth to live.Jai Hind, Jai Bharat!!

The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War essays

The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War essays The end of World War Two left Europe divided. As soon as the war was over, old alliances were quickly forgotten, yet tensions still remained. The biggest tension, however, was between the Soviet Union and the United States. The conflict between these two nations was that of Communism versus "freedom", whether it be through Democracy, Nationalism, or Capitalism. Many events took place over a period of roughly forty years that were examples of Soviet communism and the United States attempt to crush it. This time period was termed the "Cold War" although it was not really a war, but merely a competition between to political powers in an attempt to be the best in the world. Some people consider the Cold War to have been a friendly war because, despite cold feelings and rivalry, there wasn't a massive battle and bloodshed. This is not true because, during the ongoing competition between the two world powers, battles against Communism were fought with raging war, and tensions were h igh. The first example of heated tensions during the Cold War was in Korea. In 1949, the United States and the Soviet Union had troops in Korea. The Soviets supplied Northern Korea with tanks, planes and money in an attempt to spread their Communist ideals. America, on the other hand, supported Nationalist South Korea. When North Korea crossed the 38th parallel to invade South Korea the United States was quick to come to the aid of the south. The United States president at the time, Truman, stood firmly by his Truman Doctrine, and saw defending South Korea as an act in the crusade against Communism. Fighting raged for months, each side taking turns at forcing the enemy's lines farther and farther back, and gaining new allies and opposition. China, frustrated on their own border encroachment, fought alongside North Korea, and the UN came to the support of the Nationalists. Finally, after three years of fighting, treaties were signed and the borders ...

Liability of Frank for criminal damage pursuant Essay Example

Liability of Frank for criminal damage pursuant Essay Example Liability of Frank for criminal damage pursuant Essay Liability of Frank for criminal damage pursuant Essay Liability of Frank for condemnable harm and aggravated condemnable harm ( a ) The s1 ( 1 ) and s1 ( 3 ) offenses: To be guilty of simple condemnable harm under s1 ( 1 ) Criminal Damage Act 1971 ( CDA 1971 ) it must be established beyond sensible uncertainty that Frank: Intentionally or recklessly (work forces rea) †¦ destroyed or damaged belongings belonging to another without lawful alibi (actus reus) . The extra demand under s1 ( 3 ) of the Act is that the devastation / harm of the belongings in inquiry must hold been caused by fire ( i.e. simple incendiarism ) . Theactus reusandwork forces reamust be considered in bend. Actus Reus Destroy / harm belongings belonging to another without lawful alibi: In order for belongings to fall under the definition of destroyed’ or damaged’ for the intents of CDA 1971 some physical injury or impairment must happen, even if nil is really broken or deformed. In this scenario it is clear that the fire destroyed the notes belonging to Frank’s coach. The books on the tutor’s desk besides caught fire and were damaged / destroyed. It is clear that theactus reusdemands have been met. However, in order for Frank to be guilty of the s1 ( 1 ) and 1 ( 3 ) offenseswork forces reawould besides necessitate to be established. Work forces Rea Purpose or foolhardiness as to the belongings harm: Frank clearly intended to destruct the notes belonging to his coach since he intentionally pulled out a coffin nail igniter and put them alight. Therefore it can be concluded that Frank will be guilty of both the s1 ( 1 ) offense of simple condemnable harm and the s1 ( 3 ) offense of simple incendiarism unless he can set up a defense mechanism. ( I )Poisoning Given that Frank had taken a smattering of Valium prior to the meeting with his coach, can he trust on poisoning to contradict hiswork forces rea? To reply this inquiry it is necessary to find whether Frank’s poisoning was voluntary’ or involuntary.’ Given the fact that Frank took a handful of Valium, as opposed to the prescribed dosage, it is likely that his poisoning will be deemed voluntary. If this is the instance Frank can non claim that poisoning negated hiswork forces reasince poisoning can non be relied upon in this manner for offenses of non-specifcwork forces rea( which includes condemnable harm ) [ 1 ] . Frank’s poisoning may be treated as nonvoluntary if his pickings of the Valium, a usually non-dangerous drug, caused him to hallucinate, provided he was non foolhardy in taking the Valium. [ 2 ] Therefore Frank might reason that his depression caused him to take the extra Valium without gaining that his behavior may go unpredictable or unsafe. If he succeeds in this statement his pickings of the Valium will non be deemed foolhardy and he will be able to claim successfully that anywork forces reawas negated. If, on the other manus, his pickings of extra Valium is deemed foolhardy so Frank can non claim his poisoning was nonvoluntary. ( two )Lawful Excuse( s5 CDA 1971 ) Lawful alibi is merely available as a possible defense mechanism to simple condemnable harm and simple incendiarism, i.e. non the corresponding aggravated offenses. A suspect can trust on the s5 ( a ) defense mechanism if he believed at the clip of the offense that the individual to whom the damaged belongings belonged had consented to the harm or would hold consented to the harm had he known of the fortunes. Any such belief must hold been candidly held even if the belief was non a sensible 1. In the instance of an drunk suspect such as Frank the suspect can trust on the lawful alibi defense mechanism where, as a consequence of being intoxicated, he erroneously believed that the proprietor had ( or would hold ) consented to the harm. [ 3 ] If Frank raises the defense mechanism of lawful alibi it is up to the prosecution to turn out beyond sensible uncertainty the absence of lawful alibi. At the clip the harm was done Frank was in a secure environment and was holding a one-to-one meeting with his coach. There is nil to propose that the fortunes would hold led Frank to believe that his coach was accepting to the harm. Consequently, it is likely that the prosecution would be able to dispatch the load rather easy. Frank could potentially reason the s5 ( 2 ) ( B ) lawful alibi defense mechanism every bit good. Under s5 ( 2 ) a suspect is non guilty of condemnable harm he destroyed/damaged belongings in the honest ( non needfully sensible ) belief that it was in immediate demand of protection. Again, given the environment Frank was in at the clip it is likely that the prosecution could dispatch this load rather easy. Based on the analysis, it appears that Frank is guilty of simple condemnable harm and simple incendiarism capable to successfully set uping the defense mechanism of poisoning. ( B )The s1 ( 2 ) and s ( 3 ) offenses: To be guilty of aggravated condemnable harm under CDA 1971 it must be established beyond sensible uncertainty that Frank: Intentionally or recklessly (work forces rea) †¦ destroyed or damaged belongings belonging to another without lawful alibi (actus reus) and†¦ deliberately or recklessly endangered life by the harm (work forces rea) The extra demand under s1 ( 3 ) of the Act is that the devastation / harm of the belongings in inquiry must hold been caused by fire and that life must hold been endangered by the belongings harm that was caused by fire ( i.e. aggravated incendiarism ) . Again, theactus reusandwork forces reamust be considered in bend. Actus Reus Theactus reusof aggravated condemnable harm / aggravated incendiarism is the same as that of simple condemnable harm / simple incendiarism, as discussed above. It has already been established that Frank’s actions constituted theactus reusof simple incendiarism. Therefore, his actions besides constitute theactus reusof aggravated incendiarism. Work forces Rea Unlike simple condemnable harm / simple incendiarism, thework forces reaof the aggravated offenses is made up of two separate elements. In order for Frank to be found guilty of aggravated condemnable harm the prosecution must turn out that he: deliberately or recklessly damaged his tutor’s notes ; and intended to or was foolhardy as to life being endangered by the belongings harm. As with simple condemnable harm, the first component of thework forces reaseems to be satisfied. After all, Frank pulled out a coffin nail igniter and put fire to his tutor’s notes. As for the 2nd component of thework forces reait is deserving indicating out that at that place does non necessitate to be an existent hazard to life. It is sufficient that an ordinary, prudent bystander believes that life is endangered by the belongings harm. [ 4 ] Besides, any alleged danger to life must come from the devastation or damage itself, instead than from the method used to do the devastation or harm. [ 5 ] So, in the instance of aggravated condemnable harm there was evidently no danger to life caused by the harm to the tutor’s notes. In other words, the lone manner Frank could be guilty of aggravated condemnable harm was if he intended to jeopardize life by destructing his tutor’s notes. Therefore, Frank is non guilty of aggravated condemnable harm. Is Frank guilty of aggravated incendiarism? It might be possible to reason that Frank is guilty of aggravated incendiarism by claiming that the harm to his tutor’s notes caused harm to the books and other stuffs on the tutor’s desk ( since if the notes were non damaged by the initial fire so the books and any other belongings would non hold been damaged either ) through a concatenation reaction. This concatenation reaction of harm endangered life by doing the fire to distribute. Although Frank may non hold intended to jeopardize life the fact that he chose to put fire to the notes, and the fact that fires can distribute easy in paper-clad offices, may intend that he is deemed foolhardy as to life being endangered. In instance it can be established that Frank’s behaviour met the demands of aggravated incendiarism, it is once more necessary to see any possible defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms ( I )Poisoning Frank may utilize the same statement outlined above to claim that his poisoning was nonvoluntary and it negated anywork forces reafor aggravated incendiarism. ( two )Lawful alibi The lawful alibi defense mechanism is merely available for simple condemnable harm and simple incendiarism, non for the aggravated offenses. Decision On the whole, it appears that Frank is guilty of simple condemnable harm and simple incendiarism. He is non guilty of aggravated condemnable harm and his liability for aggravated incendiarism is arguable. Bibliography Criminal Damage Act 1971 Majewski[ 1976 ] 2 All ER 142 Hardie[ 1985 ] 1 WLR 64 Jaggard V Dickinson[ 1980 ] 3 All ER 716 Sangha[ 1988 ] 2 All ER 385 Tip[ 1987 ] 2 All ER 833 Allen, M.J. –Textbook on Criminal Law( 6ThursdayEdition ) , Oxford University Press ( 2001 ) , pp.489-503 1

Free Essays on Johnathan Davis

â€Å"Time has come, to realize what you are, what you’ve done tonight. Time has come, we’ll have something to talk about. I will too.† In the year of 1971, on January 18th, a baby boy by the name of Jonathan Houseman Davis was born to his mother and father, Mr. Rick Davis. Bakersfield, CA was the city and state to become home to such a talented young boy. Jonathan’s biological mother worked in a local theater. His father worked in a music industry, along with other jobs such as working at a local music store when Jon was a young boy. His early childhood was pretty good from birth to the age of 3. When he was 3 his parents divorced. While most children have problems getting used to a new parents Jonathan’s troubles went a deeper. â€Å" Little child, looking so pretty. Come out and play, I’ll be your daddy. Innocent child, looking so sweet. A rape in my eyes and on your flesh I’ll eat.† These lyrics are from the song â⠂¬Å"Daddy.† When he was 5 he took up drumming, and when he was 12 his father remarried, that’s when the troubles went deeper. â€Å"Looking back I was never ever right, you were my step mom who always wanted me out of your sight.† This is a song wrote when his father got remarried, â€Å"kill you† In high school he played piano, and bagpipes, which is one of the things to do when he has free time. He played in the highland high school band and also a bagpipe band. One song that comes to mind when I think about bagpipes would be â€Å"shoots and ladders†, which was one of his first songs that he plays the bagpipes in. It’s a bunch of nursery rhymes combined together for example, â€Å"Mary had a little lamb†, â€Å"blah blah black sheep†, â€Å"nick nack patty wack give a dong a bone.† All tied in together. In school the jock boys would make fun of him, and call him faggots because he wore eyeliner. With them by doing so he wrote the song â€Å"Fagget†. †Hit me ‘cuse I’m strange, hit me, A tatto... Free Essays on Johnathan Davis Free Essays on Johnathan Davis â€Å"Time has come, to realize what you are, what you’ve done tonight. Time has come, we’ll have something to talk about. I will too.† In the year of 1971, on January 18th, a baby boy by the name of Jonathan Houseman Davis was born to his mother and father, Mr. Rick Davis. Bakersfield, CA was the city and state to become home to such a talented young boy. Jonathan’s biological mother worked in a local theater. His father worked in a music industry, along with other jobs such as working at a local music store when Jon was a young boy. His early childhood was pretty good from birth to the age of 3. When he was 3 his parents divorced. While most children have problems getting used to a new parents Jonathan’s troubles went a deeper. â€Å" Little child, looking so pretty. Come out and play, I’ll be your daddy. Innocent child, looking so sweet. A rape in my eyes and on your flesh I’ll eat.† These lyrics are from the song â⠂¬Å"Daddy.† When he was 5 he took up drumming, and when he was 12 his father remarried, that’s when the troubles went deeper. â€Å"Looking back I was never ever right, you were my step mom who always wanted me out of your sight.† This is a song wrote when his father got remarried, â€Å"kill you† In high school he played piano, and bagpipes, which is one of the things to do when he has free time. He played in the highland high school band and also a bagpipe band. One song that comes to mind when I think about bagpipes would be â€Å"shoots and ladders†, which was one of his first songs that he plays the bagpipes in. It’s a bunch of nursery rhymes combined together for example, â€Å"Mary had a little lamb†, â€Å"blah blah black sheep†, â€Å"nick nack patty wack give a dong a bone.† All tied in together. In school the jock boys would make fun of him, and call him faggots because he wore eyeliner. With them by doing so he wrote the song â€Å"Fagget†. †Hit me ‘cuse I’m strange, hit me, A tatto...

The Role of Audit Committee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Role of Audit Committee - Essay Example The audit committee's role is equally important in both the private and public sector. The effectiveness of the audit committee, the various flaws and inconsistencies in their functions and theoretical underpinnings are all considered along with examples of corporate collapses due to audit committee faults. Audit committees' role in the United Kingdom's Parliamentary system of government stems from the concept of apt management and responsible expenditures considering that taxpayers' money constitutes the capital that must be appropriated for public services (Hollingsworth, and White 1999). So, all disbursements must be within the constitutional provisions of the legislative system. Relatively, legislated protocols are in placed to ensure consistency, and to avoid corrupt practices that may lead to waste. In addition to the department of budget, the office of the commission on audit was created to oversee and assure legitimate expenditures and to avoid deficits as much as possible. Chances are high, that the members of the audit committee are certified public accountants and lawyers considering the nature of the role that the audit committee plays in the configuration of appropriate budget consistent with interpreted laws. As far as audit committee role in the Parliament is concerned, the U... The set of legal rules are contained in the Supply procedure documents. Normally, an annual audit report is submitted to the legislative body at the end of the fiscal year (Hollingsworth, and White 1999). In the preparation of an annual budget that will cover expenditures for the subsequent fiscal year, the bureaucracy's independent subdivisions perform three general standard functions: 1) set the budget allocation for the year; 2) rank expenditures according to importance; 3) at the release of an approved budget for disbursement, asses, evaluate, and audit the values of the supposed expenditures. Subsequently, after the documents are submitted to the executive department, the senior management will collate and prepare to support the tentative annual budget. This annual budget will then be submitted by the senior management to the parliament. The legislative body will deliberate on the budget extensively prior to endorsement. Consequently, whatever part of the budget appropriation is found substantive the legislative body will cast their ballot on it, making the same available for disbursement. 4) Finally, after all the funds appropriated were approved and disbursed according to the p lan, the accounting commission will issue a corresponding report which will be dully evaluated by the audit commission for proprietary considerations (Hollingsworth, and White 1999). However, the "constitutional analysis, especially by lawyers, has tended to underplay the significance of audit, especially the role of the Comptroller & Auditor General (Deloitte & Touche, 2009) and National Audit Office in the accountability of government" (Hollingsworth, and White 1999). Audit Committee

Criminal Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Theories - Essay Example The difficulty in committing the crime also counts, as well as whether the rewards are worth the effort and even the best place to commit the crime, within his neighborhood or elsewhere. If the risks perceived are small, the rewards and excitement high, the criminal gains the likelihood of committing the crime again. On the other hand, if the risks outweigh the rewards, the offender foregoes the crime: if they have a good chance of apprehension, the fear of punishment or consequences, damage to their reputation and feelings of guilt or shame (Cole, Smith and DeJong 64). Other evaluations include familiarity with the target and how easy it is to commit the crime. In this theory, the criminal uses opportunistic everyday routines that involve the family such as shopping, work, leisure, and schooling. These, together with factors such as lack of a guardian, the presence of a target and the motivated criminal are the context for criminal opportunities (Siegel 71). The guardian’s presence would deter potential offenders from committing the crime for instance door staff, security guards, police patrols, neighbors, and friends. The target should be accessible and may include an expensive car, goods that can be easily moved or expensive jewelry, while the offender may be an addict, teenage boys or unemployed people. These three elements must be present within a routine activity for crime to take place (Schmalleger 182). For instance, many homes are left unguarded during the day, making them targets of crime. The possibility of a crime being committed by the motivated offender increases when there are an accessible target and the absence of a c apable guardian.

Immigration and how it effects Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration and how it effects Unions - Essay Example This is when a division appears on the opinion of the American public over the impact of immigration and how best to manage it. One of the difficult issues tackled in the public debate is the issue of unauthorized migrants. Surveys on public opinion reveal both ambivalence and anxiety with most Americans expressing distress concerning the phenomenon of illegal immigration, which they attribute as a sub-set of immigration in the first place. The attitude most Americans have is that since the immigrants are people, and they are in the country anyhow, it is not a bother to let them stay even though begrudgingly. In recent polls run by organizations from across the economic, social, and political spectrums, the unequivocal illustration is that a large portion of the American populace support immigration reform’s smart solutions as opposed to mass deportation. They support a pathway that will lead to citizenship for the immigrants who truly have become part of the community in America, pay back taxes, learn English. On humanitarian grounds most Americans are against tearing apart of immigrant families, whi ch they feel not threatened by in any way. Immigration is not ranked as among the top priority by Americans as opposed to issues like external aggression threats and the economic well-being of the nation. Having lived with immigrants as neighbors, schoolmates, colleagues, as well as friends, the average American does not have any opposition to the presence of immigrants in the country and does not feel at all threatened by the immigrants. Public opinion is divided on the grounds of education, political ideology, gender, race, as well as age. The current population of unauthorized immigrants is the major issue of concern with most Americans opting for their legalization. Support for this opinion is diminished among older Americans as well as those who lack college

In light of the discussions around British EU membership, discuss Essay - 1

In light of the discussions around British EU membership, discuss whether a British exit from the EU would be advantageous or disadvantageous from a business point of view - Essay Example Moreover, the crisis has even shifted the attention given to the British membership, as there are matters more important at hand. Decisively, the few people discussing the matter propose that by fully accepting the membership the results would be beneficial on a political and economic basis. In terms of business, the European Union is the core and most influential body in Europe with a budget of 129 billion euros every year (Miliband 2014). Nonetheless, the member states like Britain contribute to the factor of business power making the European Union more significant than any other country. The exit of Britain from the European Union would be a disadvantage as the state is among the few nations that have a great financial impact on its function; for instance, Britain makes a contribution of up to 55 million euros a day making it twenty billion euros every year (EU Business 2014 &O’Leary 2014). Furthermore, Britain is a lead investor- it is the hub of major business investments and there are others conducted across borders; largely, British membership also holds the fate of the United Kingdom on matters regulations applied in the single market. Definitely, the EU directly benefits from the single market that Britain is a part of; however, there are other benefits resulting from the states membership (Western Morning News 2014). For instance, employed citizens of the European Union get the opportunity to train a variety of new recruits with British taking full advantage of this by providing employment opportunities to many citizens. Moreover, the trainees and recruits tackle the shortage of skills in the United Kingdom as a potential and determined workforce (Mansfield 2014). From a different point of view, the exit of membership would also be as shortcoming for Britain, as well as the European Union that holds the biggest part

Article Summary Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Summary Paper - Essay Example The study aimed at investigating effects of investors’ perceptions over stock and the stock’s returns in the international scope. One of the study’s hypothesis predicted relationship between the sentiments and stock returns in the international market while the other two hypotheses predicted effects of environmental factors to the relationship between investors’ attitude towards stock and returns. The following economic question can therefore be inferred for the study (Schemeling 394, 395). The author expected an inverse relationship between invertors’ sentiments and stock returns and their conceptual framework and reviewed literature informs this. The author noted deviation from the standard finance theory that argues for the role of arbitrageurs in eliminating irrationality in the stock market. Literature suggested that investors’ opinions are persistent and that arbitrage is not effective in managing irrationality. These suggested effects of investor sentiments on stock returns and reported inverse relationship from the United States’ stock market, being inferred to the international market, informed the expectation (Schemeling 394, 395). Stock returns and investor sentiments were the study’s main theoretical variables and consumers’ confidence was used as the empirical proxy for investor sentiments. Background information on availability of the proxy, both on cross sectional and time series scope, and its consistency informed use of the proxy. Unlike consumer confidence, other possible indicators of investor sentiment are not consistent. â€Å"Agreegate stock market,† â€Å"portfolio of value stock† and â€Å"portfolio of growth stock† were however proxies for stock returns (Schemeling 397). Professor Kenneth French’s website was the data source for stock return proxies while Directorate Generale for Economic and Financial Affaire, Datastream and Ecowin were the data sources for consumer confidence (Schemeling 397). Where rt+1 defines

People & Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

People & Organisations - Essay Example To this date, the company continues to feel the effects of such actions. This report analyses the role that employee motivation plays in the profitability of commercial organizations. Using Peacocks as a case, the report shows the importance of employee motivations and the ways in which the human resource management can motivate its workforce. Based in Cardiff city, Wales, Peacocks is a large fashion retail chain that has over 400 outlets throughout the United Kingdom and more than two hundred other stores in numerous countries throughout Europe. Prior to 2012, the company had 9,600 employees. Currently, the company has slightly over 6,000 employees in all its outlets throughout the world. Peacocks began experiencing low profitability in 2011. The management could not establish the cause of the problem, as they were engrossed with marketing. The employees were slowing losing their morale and interest with their roles at the company. The growing tension regarding the future of the company affected the morale of the employees further thereby leading to immense demoralization at the place of work. Employees became increasingly clumsy. The fashions and apparel industry is part of the hospitality industry. An employee attitude towards their work is therefore an important feature that influences the profitability of such businesses. The human resource management lacked functional mechanisms of measuring the levels of motivation in their employees. In January 2012, the company laid off nearly half its employees. The spontaneous downsizing and the poor way in which the company treated the employees it laid off was yet another major source of concern to the remaining employees. The company retained with an unmotivated workforce. The employees earned less than their counterparts in competing companies did. Additionally, they worked in fear owing to

In light of the discussions around British EU membership, discuss Essay - 1

In light of the discussions around British EU membership, discuss whether a British exit from the EU would be advantageous or disadvantageous from a business point of view - Essay Example Moreover, the crisis has even shifted the attention given to the British membership, as there are matters more important at hand. Decisively, the few people discussing the matter propose that by fully accepting the membership the results would be beneficial on a political and economic basis. In terms of business, the European Union is the core and most influential body in Europe with a budget of 129 billion euros every year (Miliband 2014). Nonetheless, the member states like Britain contribute to the factor of business power making the European Union more significant than any other country. The exit of Britain from the European Union would be a disadvantage as the state is among the few nations that have a great financial impact on its function; for instance, Britain makes a contribution of up to 55 million euros a day making it twenty billion euros every year (EU Business 2014 &O’Leary 2014). Furthermore, Britain is a lead investor- it is the hub of major business investments and there are others conducted across borders; largely, British membership also holds the fate of the United Kingdom on matters regulations applied in the single market. Definitely, the EU directly benefits from the single market that Britain is a part of; however, there are other benefits resulting from the states membership (Western Morning News 2014). For instance, employed citizens of the European Union get the opportunity to train a variety of new recruits with British taking full advantage of this by providing employment opportunities to many citizens. Moreover, the trainees and recruits tackle the shortage of skills in the United Kingdom as a potential and determined workforce (Mansfield 2014). From a different point of view, the exit of membership would also be as shortcoming for Britain, as well as the European Union that holds the biggest part

People & Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

People & Organisations - Essay Example To this date, the company continues to feel the effects of such actions. This report analyses the role that employee motivation plays in the profitability of commercial organizations. Using Peacocks as a case, the report shows the importance of employee motivations and the ways in which the human resource management can motivate its workforce. Based in Cardiff city, Wales, Peacocks is a large fashion retail chain that has over 400 outlets throughout the United Kingdom and more than two hundred other stores in numerous countries throughout Europe. Prior to 2012, the company had 9,600 employees. Currently, the company has slightly over 6,000 employees in all its outlets throughout the world. Peacocks began experiencing low profitability in 2011. The management could not establish the cause of the problem, as they were engrossed with marketing. The employees were slowing losing their morale and interest with their roles at the company. The growing tension regarding the future of the company affected the morale of the employees further thereby leading to immense demoralization at the place of work. Employees became increasingly clumsy. The fashions and apparel industry is part of the hospitality industry. An employee attitude towards their work is therefore an important feature that influences the profitability of such businesses. The human resource management lacked functional mechanisms of measuring the levels of motivation in their employees. In January 2012, the company laid off nearly half its employees. The spontaneous downsizing and the poor way in which the company treated the employees it laid off was yet another major source of concern to the remaining employees. The company retained with an unmotivated workforce. The employees earned less than their counterparts in competing companies did. Additionally, they worked in fear owing to

Social relationships Essay Example for Free

Social relationships Essay Everybody would agree that friendship courses through our lives, yet its precise nature is unique for every person and, therefore, is difficult to define. Typically, friendship is thought of as a voluntary relationship. Since there are few formal rules or rituals sanctioning friendship in this culture, people enter and exit friendships as they choose. Further, since friendship is often fused with other social roles, marital partners, siblings, or coworkers often choose to regard one another as friends. Acknowledging that friendship is culturally recognized as transcending formal institutional requirements and statuses, Paine (1974) referred to friendship as a kind of institutionalized non-institution (p. 128). Overall, friendship is a voluntary, personal, equal, and mutual relationship with affective ties. Undoubtedly, positive feelings, voluntary caring, and concern for the other, the touchstones of companionship, exist between friends. And while friends may feel profound love for each other, the love of friendship is usually distinguished from sexual or romantic loving, with their overtones of possessiveness and exclusivity. Even so, relationships involving these latter forms of loving may also include or aspire to the ideal-typical characteristics of friendship as well. In addition to its voluntary aspect, friendship involves persons paired in the same social role (friend-friend) (Paine, 1974). This quality contrasts with other relationships, such as the marital relationship, in which partners occupy complementary roles (wife-husband). Because of friendships inherent symmetry, friends come together as equals in order to establish a relationship in which intimacy, trust, honesty, respect, and affection may thrive. Ideally, friendship offers a nonhierarchical relationship in which a person can present a self reasonably free of contrivance and ulterior motives (Suttles, 2001, p. 110). While developing and sustaining a friendship, persons must assume that the other is presenting his or her true self if the friendship is to flourish. Reflecting its voluntary and rather fluid status in the social world, friendship is a private relationship created via the friends ongoing negotiation of the friendships rules of behavior (Paine, 1974 ). Friendships are thus self-managed (Wiseman, 2006, p. 192) since specific friendship practices are not mandated by formal societal rules in American culture. Friends are free to create their own private and personal culture. But this freedom is also dangerous, for the persistence of the relationship utterly depends on the friends actions, values, and motives. Thus, friendship is arguably the most fragile social bond. Wiseman (2006) states that if friendship loses the qualities which make for the extraordinary closeness combined with the voluntariness it encourages, it chances loss of all. There is no standard role or task around which the relationship can re-form and no societal mechanism is activated to ensure or even encourage reconciliation. (p. 192) Although the precise behavioral parameters of friendship are not institutionalized in American society to the degree that romantic, professional, political, or kin relationships are, there are some informal rules of conduct and cultural images guiding the practices of friendship. These rules pertained to keeping confidences, respecting the others privacy, and assisting the other in times of need. The culturally idealized images of friendship and the informal friendship rules offer persons ways of practicing friendship, for those images and rules frame the everyday enactment of friendship. The interactions of friends are understood to a significant degree in light of what it means to be a friend in a particular society. Idealized images and informal rules may also guide the perceptions of observers, for, when questioned about their friendship, friends may point to these cultural images of friendship or to the rules of friendship behavior to validate their relationship. References Paine R. (1974). An exploratory analysis in middle-class culture. In E. Leyton (Ed. ), The compact: Selected dimensions of friendship (pp. 117-137). St. Johns: Institute of Social and Economic Research. Suttles G. D. (2001). Friendship as a social institution. In G. J. McCall, M. McCall , N. K. Denzin, G. D. Suttles, S. Kurth (Eds. ), Social relationships (pp. 95-135). Chicago: Aldine. Wiseman J. P. (2006). Friendship: Bonds and binds in a voluntary relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 3, 191-211.

Hostile Or Friendly Takeovers Mergers Economics Essay

Hostile Or Friendly Takeovers Mergers Economics Essay The process of mergers and acquisitions is gaining a significant importance in todays corporate world and is extensively used for reorganizing the business organizations. (Cartwright, Cooper, 1992).The phrase mergers and acquisitions refer to the characteristic features of Corporate strategy, corporate finance and management that deal with the purchasing, selling and combining of different companies that can support, fund, or give their hand to an upcoming company in a given industry and grow rapidly without having to create another firm(Gauhan, 2007). There are many reasons why MNCS go in for merging and acquisition, the most important among them are the rising market, political power, defensive reactions, economies of scope or synergies, reduction of transaction and information costs.( Gaughan,2005) The factors that generates a firm to go in for merger and acquisition are identified in the budding regulatory changes that happen internationally, regionally at national levels and in the fast pace of technological change which enhance the market opportunities of a business, technological interrelationship, communications and cross border reconstituting. The advantages of MAs are evaluated in terms of the ability to exploit the scale and scope of economies, gain the market control, economize the transaction costs, diversify risks, and to provide access to the existing know-how It is. (Cantwell, Santangelo, 2002) A multinational enterprise (MNE) considering an entry into a foreign market by foreign direct investment (FDI) has to consider two strategic decisions regarding the organizational form of its foreign operation. First what is the level of control i.e. whether it will be a full ownership or a joint venture and, secondly, the mode of foreign entry i.e. setting up a new venture via Greenfield investment or merger and acquisition (Muller, 2007). Let us analyze the circumstances which make MA activity the optimal entry mode into a new international market in the forthcoming paragraphs. In the period of global competition, firms realise that the effectual use of universal sourcing will contribute significantly to the performance of the market. With the materialization of new products and technologies, the firms began to experience a new developing cycle which is accompanied by the degree of competition in the market. Most of the development of the industries experience four processes and they are starting up, developing, maturing and the declining (Wang, 2009). With the invention of new products and technologies, the industries start experiencing a new developing cycle. In the initial stages of development due to less competition firms preferred greenfield investment as the optimal mode of entry in to the foreign market. As the industry started maturing the speed of the MAs which is one of the main factor started to be seen as the biggest advantage over the Greenfield investment or any other entry modes (Kang, 2001). One of the most fundamental motives for MAs is th e speedy growth and the growth through MAs are a quicker process and it takes only few months than the other entry modes. An example of this kind is the German automobile company Daimler-Benz which realised that it needed a bigger occurrence in the U.S automobile market, therefore it did not waste its time by building new factories in United States which would have taken years, instead it acquired the number three U.S. automobile company, Chrysler, and merged the two operations to form Daimler-Chrysler(Barba Navaretti,2006). Firms either expand within their own industry which is the internal growth or they expand outside their business category which is the external growth to increase the market share or the removal of a rival. When the firms grow internally, competitors respond quickly and take the market share and in due course of time the firms advantages dissipate. The firms are left out with only solution of acquiring other companies that have possessions. For example Johnson a nd Johnson, rather than internally trying to be on the fore front of each of the major area of innovation decided to purchase those companies who had developed successful products. This strategy simply describes that instead of suppressing its competitors by its internal growth JJ stretched out for acquisition to increase its market power and this is referred to as inorganic development (Gaughan, 2007).Companies like Nestle use acquisition as a form of external growth to improve its organic growth( Morschett, Schramm-Klein,2009) Merging so as to create synergy is most often the cited validation for an acquirer to shell out a premium to the target firm. Synergy is created by redeploying a firms assets. The acquiring firm may transfer a resource from the target firm to the acquiring firm and assets may be redeployed from the bidder to the target. Authors like Colombo, Conca, and Gnan (2007) found that a strong forecaster of acquisition performance was the extent to which the asset is redeployed from the target. For example, Renault acquired Nissan and therefore the leadership skills of CEO Ghosn were redeployed to the benefit Renault and firms like Ford and GM were unsuccessful in enticing Ghosn away from Renault (Hopkins.D, 2008) Economic motivations are an important subcategory of MA establishing the economies of scale thereby reducing the costs due to superfluous resources of two firms in the same or related industry. Thus acquiring a firm in the same or a related industry results in considerable overlap between the two firms and reduces costs. When Daimler-Benz acquired Chrysler it announced that the merger would lead to $1.3 billion of cost savings in the first year mainly through collaboration (Morck, Yeung, 1992). Diversification is another important strategy that motivates the firms going in for MA.Diversification is growing outside a companys current industry category. Firms either diversifies to extend their product, extend their market, or purely diversify. When a firm is specialized in a given technology or product base it tries to enter new market by entering in to different industries, different social group or different geographical location. An example of this type is G.E which was merely an electronic company through a pattern of acquisitions and diversification started operating in insurance, television stations, plastics, medical equipments and so on(Hitt.M,Ireland.D,2009). Often firms go in for merger and acquisitions to exploit a core competence and take an insubstantial skill, know-how, or information and purchase it by spreading its use to additional industries where it can create a competitive advantage. For example the company such as Honda by its internal combustion engines develops a core competence and tries to use it as a basis of competitive advantage in different businesses (Hopkins, 2008) (Morosini, Shane, Singh, 1998) say that the larger the distance in culture of the countries in which merger partners are based the greater the potential benefit Cultural differences can also be a source of complimentary strength in the cross border MAs i.e. cultural differences between countries, like the nations strength allows working in groups for example collectivism in Japan versus the individualistic in the U.S, clearly shows that by the combination of two companies that are based out of different culture and country might result in a stronger combined company (Hennart, Young-Ryeol, 1993). Companies in order to improve their product development and to improvise their research and development which is important for the future growth of many companies go in for MA and cross border activities. During the 1990s a widespread consolidation took place in the pharmaceutical industry and the motive for such a merger was to come up with new drugs and mounting costs of RD, this explains the reason for the mega merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merged in order to increase the RD budgets.(Gaughan.P,2007) Changes in the technology results a firm to either buy or sell depending on its position with respect to technological changes and effects. For example, Indias third largest software exporter Wipro had a success history of 10 acquisitions. Most of the acquired companies were based out in Europe and dealt technology or RD services. The Nerve Wire, AMS and Mpower helped Wipro gain skills in areas like financial securities, utility consulting and technologies respectively. (Paulson, Ed., Huber, 2007) CONCLUSION These were one among the few strategic factors that motivate a firm to opt for the Merger and Acquisition than going in for the other modes of entry. Despite the fact that by far the largest part of worldwide FDI takes the form of MA while in some regions Greenfield investment is most prominent.

World Studies Definitions :: essays research papers

1. Edison, Thomas Alva - 1847-1931, American inventor, b. Milan, Ohio. A genius in the practical application of scientific principles, Edison was one of the greatest and most productive inventors of his time, but his formal schooling was limited to three months in Port Huron, Mich., in 1854. For several years he was a newsboy on the Grand Trunk RR, and it was during this period that he began to suffer from deafness, which was to increase throughout his life. He later worked as a telegraph operator in various cities. Edison's first inventions were the transmitter and receiver for the automatic telegraph. 2. Bell, Alexander Graham - 1847-1922, American scientist, inventor of the telephone, b. Edinburgh, Scotland, educated at the Univ. of Edinburgh and University College, London; son of Alexander Melville Bell. He worked in London with his father, whose system of visible speech he used in teaching the deaf to talk. In 1870 he went to Canada, and in 1871 he lectured, chiefly to teachers of the deaf, in Boston and other cities. During the next few years he conducted his own school of vocal physiology in Boston, lectured at Boston Univ., and worked on his inventions. His teaching methods were of lasting value in the improvement of education for the deaf. 3. Carnegie, Andrew - 1835-1919, American industrialist and philanthropist, b. Dunfermline, Scotland. His father, a weaver, found it increasingly difficult to get work in Scottish factories. In 1848 he brought his family to Allegheny (now Pittsburgh), Pa. Andrew first worked in a cotton mill as a bobbin boy, then advanced himself as a telegrapher, and became (1859) a superintendent for the Pennsylvania RR. He resigned (1865) his railroad position to give personal attention to the investments he had made (1864) in iron manufactures. 4. John Davison Rockefeller - 1874-1960, b. Cleveland, grad. Brown, 1897 took over active management of his father's interests in 1911 and engaged in numerous philanthropies. Riverside Church in New York City was built through his gifts. He also gave vast sums for religious projects, for scientific investigation, and for the restoration of historic monuments. Among his most notable philanthropies were the restoration of colonial Williamsburg, Va., and the donation of the site for the United Nations headquarters in New York City. He founded (1931) and helped plan Rockefeller Center in New York City, which the Rockefeller interests, completed in 1939. 5. Gompers, Samuel - 1850-1924, American labor leader, b.

Living With Endometriosis Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological disorders which affect 5.5 million women in the U.S. and 176 million women worldwide. It is a chronic disorder found within the pelvic area of women. This disease is found to affect women of all ethnic and social backgrounds. While it has not yet been determines exactly what causes endometriosis there seems to be certain trends that may contribute to this disease. There also seems to be a link this being a hereditary disease. Symptoms can vary widely from case to case which can sometimes make it hard to diagnose endometriosis in the beginning. Endometriosis has 4 stages or classifications which are minimal, mild, moderate and severe which are used to describe the anatomic location and the severity of the disorder. Symptoms can be as minimal as mild cramping and be as devastating as infertility. There is no known cure for endometriosis but women do have treatment options to relieve the pain and to help with fertility problems tha t may be a result of endometriosis. The only true way to diagnose endometriosis is by performing a pelvic laparoscopy. But ultrasound is a way to pick up on signs of endometriosis. Endometriosis is a chronic, progressive disorder in which tissue resembling the inner lining of the uterus known as endometrium grows and appears at unusual locations in the lower abdominal cavity. It is a condition that occurs when the endometrium, tissue that lines the inside of the uterus, grows outside of the uterus. During your menstrual cycle the endometrium thickens to get ready for the egg. If the egg is fertilized, it will attach to the endometrium and begin to grow. If the egg is not fertilized, the endometrium breaks down and is flushed from your body as blood ... ...unction. St. Louis: Saunders, 2004. Depot, Lupron. Endometriosis Treatment. Abbott Park: Abbott, 2010. Kowalczyk, Nina, and James Mace. Radiographic Pathology for Technologists. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2009. Kurjak, Asim, and Frank Chervenak. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Panama City: Jaypee, 2004. Metzger, Deborah, and Howard Reisman, and Stuart Schultz. Managing Endometriosis. San Bruno: StayWell, 2000. Mosbys Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2009. S, Kennedy . Endometriosis Global Forum for News and Information. 23 Jan. 2011. 11 Feb. 2012. . Storck, Susan. "Endometriosis." PubMed Health. 25 Jul. 2011. . Trivedi, Dr. Ravi K. Personal interview. 11 Feb. 2012.

Carrefour

France's Carrefour relies on the key strengths of supplier contacts and customer knowledge when developing and implementing marketing strategy. Carrefour has ‚Â ¬108 billion in yearly turnover and operates 1,530 hypermarkets, supermarkets, discount stores and convenience stores in 33 countries. Even though retailing is an intensely competitive industry, Carrefour's marketers have used these global strengths to great advantage when preparing marketing plans to address various opportunities and threats in Europe, Latin America and Asia.For example, a few months after Carrefour moved its global sourcing office to Thailand, executives became aware that local farmers were producing a surplus of fruits such as durian and mangosteens. In the past, these fruits had sold well in the 34 Thai Carrefour stores as well as in the chain's outlets in Taiwan, China and Indonesia. Identifying this as a marketing opportunity, Carrefour's marketing director in Thailand arranged to buy hundreds of additional tonnes of local fruits and created a plan to encourage he European stores to stock the fruits as a taste of Thailand at an attractive price.Depending on the country, as much as 90-95 per cent of merchandise stocked in Carrefour stores is purchased from local suppliers. The purpose is to make the most of the opportunity by establishing mutually beneficial connections with local suppliers for the long term. When Carrefour's marketers analyze the internal environment, they examine the results of previous marketing programmes across the entire chain and in individual stores. They have grouped the customer base of 14 illion households worldwide into 60,000 customer segments for more relevant marketing attention.With deep analysis, they can target more precisely and measure the return on investment for each programme in the marketing plan. Carrefour also acts quickly when analyses point to unusual challenges or opportunities. For example, Just a few months after opening hyperm arkets in Moscow and Krasnodar, the retailer decided to stop expansion in Russia and sell the new stores because difficult economic circumstances had reduced short-term growth opportunities.

Intellectual thought Essay

An intellectual is a person who primarily uses intelligence in either a professional or an individual capacity. As a substantive or adjective, it refers to the work product of such persons, to the so-called â€Å"life of the mind† generally, or to an aspect of something where learning, erudition, and informed and critical thinking are the focus, as in â€Å"the intellectual level of the discourse on the matter was not high†. Jacques Barzun, a French-American intellectual.  The intellectual is a specific variety of the intelligent, which unlike the general property, is strictly associated with reason and thinking. Many everyday roles require the application of intelligence to skills that may have a psychomotor component, for example, in the fields of medicine, sport or the arts, but these do not necessarily involve the practitioner in the â€Å"world of ideas†. The distinctive quality of the intellectual person is that the mental skills, which he or she demonstrates, are not simply intelligent, but even more, they focus on thinking about the abstract, philosophical and esoteric aspects of human inquiry and the value of their thinking. Traditionally, the scholarly and the intellectual classes were closely identified; however, while intellectuals need not necessarily be actively involved in scholarship, they often have an academic background and will typically have an association with a profession. More broadly, any work of the mind may be termed intellectual property, whether or not its content is â€Å"intellectual† in the sense covered in this article. Intellectuals include not only philosophers, interested in epistemology, but also others in the arts and sciences, plus the humanities, with no boundaries as to fields of study.

Effective Advertisement English Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effective Advertisement English Paper - Essay Example However, not every good or service is able to reach its target audience and after all be sold out. Nowadays it is not enough just to get a right idea and implement it in production process. For making your plan work there has to be a promotion, main principles of which will manage to bring your product to customer’s awareness, position it on the market and stimulate sales. Only with a help of precisely elaborated market strategy new product is able to achieve its consumers. Carefully planned advertising campaign may ensure more than fifty percent of success. Otherwise, even a first-class product with high quality and low price can be left unnoticeable by customers. That is why today companies try to advertise their goods and services as frequently and intensively as possible, influencing people’s awareness and behavior. It is fair to mention that advertising has great power, because a lot of things depend on it. Sometimes it happens that according to bad ad, product may be left unaccepted by customers. That is why it is very essential to take into careful consideration every word of slogan, every possible image, color, font, sound or character during advertising campaign. As experience shows, not all advertisements are equally effective and successful. Sometimes producing and advertising the same goods, companies achieve different outcomes. This occurs because various companies choose various marketing strategies. Some of them manage to create the right ad, which is appropriate for customers and able to attract their attention, some do not. Creation of ads requires deep analysis of advertising product and its potential consumers. Sometimes the wrong color of written slogan may make ad unprintable and unattractive, pushing the whole idea to the failure. In this respect, it is urgent to take into account all details of ad’s design, implementing main principles of marketing. For having a clear presentation about different types of ads and also for understanding how exactly flaws of advertising can spoil attitude to the product, several ads of different companies have been chosen for further research. All companies are famous retailers of furniture. The potential audience is multi-faced, mostly family people and businessmen, who can be interested in the furniture for home and office. Advertising analysis Despite advertising’s positive return, many sociologists continue to criticize it, stating that advertisements compel consumers to buy products that they do not need. In the reality advertising is everywhere and it is quit hard to avoid it. We can see it in magazines, newspapers, brochures, booklets, billboards, placards, posters. It is broadcasted on different TV channels and radio waves. It is fair to admit that advertising is so popular due to its effectiveness. Belch stated that good ad requires serious elaboration due to significant financial losses, hence â€Å"the cost of producing a TV commercial can excee d $1 million† (237). Medium expenditure of USA for advertising in newspapers equals to 20 billions of dollars and in magazines 11.7 billions of dollars. That sources of advertising yield only broadcasting television, according to the research of Percy (87). There are several purposes of advertising. First of all, with its help companies make consumers be aware of the new products or possible novelties in design or functions of the

A Critical Examination of the Documentary Hypothesis Essay

A Critical Examination of the Documentary Hypothesis - Essay Example This latter view forms the core of the Documentation Hypothesis.The Documentation Hypothesis proposes that the Pentateuch is a composite work consisting of four literary strands. The four strands have been assigned the letters J, E, D, and P; each representing a different document or source that was woven into the fabric of the Bible. This set of assumptions is also known as the Graf-Wellhausen theory. According to this view, the letter "J" stands for the Yahwist ("J" from the German Jahweh) Narrative, coming from the period of the early Jewish monarchy, about 950 B.C. "E" stands for the Elohist Narrative from the region of the Northern Kingdom dating from about 750 B.C. "D" is best represented by the book of Deuteronomy and is said to have originated in the Southern Kingdom about 650 B.C. or later. And finally, "P" is the Priestly Document that comes from the period after the fall of Israel in 587 B.C. According to the theory, the Pentateuch reached its current form around the time of Ezra or about 400 B.C. (Closson)The conservative view holds to Mosaic authorship and treats the books as a literary unit. This does not mean that Moses did not use other documents to write the books. ... This established the first principle of what is now known as the Documentary Hypothesis, the assumption that different divine names must mean different authors or sources. In 1780 Johann Eichhorn applied the idea of two sources to the rest of Genesis, Exodus, and finally to most of the Pentateuch. He gave up on the belief of Mosaic authorship as well. (Closson) In 1805, Wilhem De Wette argued that none of the Pentateuch was written before David. He established the "D" document standing for Deuteronomy, which he believed was written as propaganda to support political and religious unification in Jerusalem during the reign of King Josiah around 621 B.C. The "P" or Priestly Document of the current theory was added by Hermann Hupfeld in 1853. He believed that the E source should be split in two, the later becoming the new P document. The name most associated with the documentary hypothesis is Julius Wellhausen. His publications in the late 1870's argued from a Darwinistic perspective. (Closson) Counter Arguments Against Documentation Hypothesis The following are the defenses against the Documentation Hypothesis. In essence, according to Archer (105-110), the Documentary Hypothesis banished Moses into the illiterate mists of oral tradition. Archer pointed out that in the Hypothesis, the text of the Torah or Pentateuch is used as evidence but consistently evaded whenever it happens to contradict the Hypothesis itself. Further, sarcastically, according to Archer, the documentarians likewise assume that Hebrew authors differ from any other writers known in the history of literature in that they alone were incapable of using more than one name for God; more than one style of writing, no matter what the difference in subject matter is;